(Alkyl-ω-ol)triphenyltin(IV)-Loaded Mesoporous Silica as Biocompatible Potential Neuroprotectors: Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity Against Enzymes Associated with the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss due to the accumulation of amyloid-β peptides and tau proteins. In the pursuit of novel neuroprotective strategies, organotin(IV) compounds have garnered attention due to thei...
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2025-06-01
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| author | Kristina Milisavljević Žiko Milanović Jovana Matić Marko Antonijević Vladimir Simić Miljan Milošević Marijana Kosanić Goran N. Kaluđerović |
| author_facet | Kristina Milisavljević Žiko Milanović Jovana Matić Marko Antonijević Vladimir Simić Miljan Milošević Marijana Kosanić Goran N. Kaluđerović |
| author_sort | Kristina Milisavljević |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss due to the accumulation of amyloid-β peptides and tau proteins. In the pursuit of novel neuroprotective strategies, organotin(IV) compounds have garnered attention due to their unique chemical and biological properties. This study evaluates the inhibitory potential of two triphenyltin(IV) derivatives—(3-propan-1-ol)triphenyltin(IV) (<b>Ph<sub>3</sub>SnL<sub>1</sub></b>) and (4-butan-1-ol)triphenyltin(IV) (<b>Ph<sub>3</sub>SnL<sub>2</sub></b>)—in both free form and immobilized into mesoporous silica SBA-15~Cl, targeting acetylcholinesterase (<b>AChE</b>), a key enzyme involved in AD pathophysiology. The <b>SBA-15~Cl|Ph<sub>3</sub>SnL<sub>2</sub></b> nanostructures exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against <b>AChE</b> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.58 μM), significantly outperforming the standard drug galantamine. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and MM/GBSA and MM/PBSA analyses confirmed the stability and selectivity of interactions with <b>AChE</b>, primarily driven by hydrophobic interactions. Compound transport was also simulated using a multi-scale 3D mouse brain model to evaluate brain tissue distribution and blood–brain barrier permeability. The results highlight the strong potential of SBA-15-loaded organotin(IV) compounds as biocompatible neuroprotective agents for novel treatments of neurodegenerative diseases. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ffd165ec38d848b08cae2697b80ac4b2 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj-art-ffd165ec38d848b08cae2697b80ac4b22025-08-20T03:29:49ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912025-06-01151291410.3390/nano15120914(Alkyl-ω-ol)triphenyltin(IV)-Loaded Mesoporous Silica as Biocompatible Potential Neuroprotectors: Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity Against Enzymes Associated with the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s DiseaseKristina Milisavljević0Žiko Milanović1Jovana Matić2Marko Antonijević3Vladimir Simić4Miljan Milošević5Marijana Kosanić6Goran N. Kaluđerović7Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, SerbiaInstitute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, SerbiaInstitute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, SerbiaInstitute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, SerbiaInstitute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, SerbiaInstitute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, SerbiaDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, SerbiaDepartment of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, GermanyAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss due to the accumulation of amyloid-β peptides and tau proteins. In the pursuit of novel neuroprotective strategies, organotin(IV) compounds have garnered attention due to their unique chemical and biological properties. This study evaluates the inhibitory potential of two triphenyltin(IV) derivatives—(3-propan-1-ol)triphenyltin(IV) (<b>Ph<sub>3</sub>SnL<sub>1</sub></b>) and (4-butan-1-ol)triphenyltin(IV) (<b>Ph<sub>3</sub>SnL<sub>2</sub></b>)—in both free form and immobilized into mesoporous silica SBA-15~Cl, targeting acetylcholinesterase (<b>AChE</b>), a key enzyme involved in AD pathophysiology. The <b>SBA-15~Cl|Ph<sub>3</sub>SnL<sub>2</sub></b> nanostructures exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against <b>AChE</b> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.58 μM), significantly outperforming the standard drug galantamine. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and MM/GBSA and MM/PBSA analyses confirmed the stability and selectivity of interactions with <b>AChE</b>, primarily driven by hydrophobic interactions. Compound transport was also simulated using a multi-scale 3D mouse brain model to evaluate brain tissue distribution and blood–brain barrier permeability. The results highlight the strong potential of SBA-15-loaded organotin(IV) compounds as biocompatible neuroprotective agents for novel treatments of neurodegenerative diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/12/914Alzheimer’s diseasetriphenyltin(IV) compoundsmesoporous silica SBA-15molecular dockingmolecular dynamicscomputational brain model |
| spellingShingle | Kristina Milisavljević Žiko Milanović Jovana Matić Marko Antonijević Vladimir Simić Miljan Milošević Marijana Kosanić Goran N. Kaluđerović (Alkyl-ω-ol)triphenyltin(IV)-Loaded Mesoporous Silica as Biocompatible Potential Neuroprotectors: Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity Against Enzymes Associated with the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Nanomaterials Alzheimer’s disease triphenyltin(IV) compounds mesoporous silica SBA-15 molecular docking molecular dynamics computational brain model |
| title | (Alkyl-ω-ol)triphenyltin(IV)-Loaded Mesoporous Silica as Biocompatible Potential Neuroprotectors: Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity Against Enzymes Associated with the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_full | (Alkyl-ω-ol)triphenyltin(IV)-Loaded Mesoporous Silica as Biocompatible Potential Neuroprotectors: Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity Against Enzymes Associated with the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_fullStr | (Alkyl-ω-ol)triphenyltin(IV)-Loaded Mesoporous Silica as Biocompatible Potential Neuroprotectors: Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity Against Enzymes Associated with the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | (Alkyl-ω-ol)triphenyltin(IV)-Loaded Mesoporous Silica as Biocompatible Potential Neuroprotectors: Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity Against Enzymes Associated with the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_short | (Alkyl-ω-ol)triphenyltin(IV)-Loaded Mesoporous Silica as Biocompatible Potential Neuroprotectors: Evaluation of Inhibitory Activity Against Enzymes Associated with the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease |
| title_sort | alkyl ω ol triphenyltin iv loaded mesoporous silica as biocompatible potential neuroprotectors evaluation of inhibitory activity against enzymes associated with the pathophysiology of alzheimer s disease |
| topic | Alzheimer’s disease triphenyltin(IV) compounds mesoporous silica SBA-15 molecular docking molecular dynamics computational brain model |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/12/914 |
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