Inflammatory and Humoral Immune Responses to Commercial Autogenous <i>Salmonella</i> Bacterin Vaccines in Light-Brown Leghorn Pullets: Primary and Secondary Vaccine Responses
Background/Objectives: Commercial poultry flocks undergo <i>Salmonella</i> vaccinations to manage salmonellosis outbreaks. Due to reports of severe injection site reactions to <i>Salmonella</i> bacterins, assessment of local inflammatory responses is necessary. The objective...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-03-01
|
| Series: | Vaccines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/3/311 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850276671000674304 |
|---|---|
| author | Chrysta N. Beck Jossie M. Santamaria Gisela F. Erf |
| author_facet | Chrysta N. Beck Jossie M. Santamaria Gisela F. Erf |
| author_sort | Chrysta N. Beck |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background/Objectives: Commercial poultry flocks undergo <i>Salmonella</i> vaccinations to manage salmonellosis outbreaks. Due to reports of severe injection site reactions to <i>Salmonella</i> bacterins, assessment of local inflammatory responses is necessary. The objective was to assess local inflammatory and systemic humoral immune responses to commercial autogenous <i>Salmonella</i> bacterin vaccines (SV1 or SV2) following primary or secondary intradermal (i.d.) vaccination in Light-Brown Leghorns (LBLs). Methods: LBL pullets received primary (14 wks) or secondary (19 wks) vaccination by i.d. growing feather (GF) pulp injection of SV1, SV2, <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis (SE) lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or water–oil–water emulsion (V). Local leukocyte levels and relative cytokine mRNA expression were monitored before (0 d) and at 6 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 5 d, and 7 d post-GF pulp injection (p.i.). Blood was collected through 28 d post-primary or -secondary vaccination, and SE-specific antibodies were quantified via ELISA. Results: Primary vaccine administration increased local heterophil and macrophage levels and increased IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expressions at 6 h p.i., independent of treatment. Secondary administration extended these local immune activities through 3 d p.i. and included prolonged IL-17A mRNA expression. Primary and secondary GF-pulp injection with V resulted in rapid lymphocyte recruitment by 6 h p.i., comprised primarily of CD4<sup>+</sup> and γδ T cells. SV1 and SV2 also produced a T-dependent systemic humoral immune response, as indicated by the IgM-to-IgG isotype switch, along with a memory phenotype in the secondary response. Conclusions: These commercial-killed <i>Salmonella</i> vaccines, when prepared in water–oil–water emulsions, stimulated prolonged innate and T helper (Th) 17-type inflammatory responses at the injection site and produced a classic systemic humoral immune response after a second vaccination. Further research is needed to determine if extended inflammation influences adaptive immune responses in eliminating <i>Salmonella</i> infection. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ff943c56b02e443387351c048541bbf9 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj-art-ff943c56b02e443387351c048541bbf92025-08-20T01:50:10ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2025-03-0113331110.3390/vaccines13030311Inflammatory and Humoral Immune Responses to Commercial Autogenous <i>Salmonella</i> Bacterin Vaccines in Light-Brown Leghorn Pullets: Primary and Secondary Vaccine ResponsesChrysta N. Beck0Jossie M. Santamaria1Gisela F. Erf2Department of Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USADepartment of Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USADepartment of Poultry Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USABackground/Objectives: Commercial poultry flocks undergo <i>Salmonella</i> vaccinations to manage salmonellosis outbreaks. Due to reports of severe injection site reactions to <i>Salmonella</i> bacterins, assessment of local inflammatory responses is necessary. The objective was to assess local inflammatory and systemic humoral immune responses to commercial autogenous <i>Salmonella</i> bacterin vaccines (SV1 or SV2) following primary or secondary intradermal (i.d.) vaccination in Light-Brown Leghorns (LBLs). Methods: LBL pullets received primary (14 wks) or secondary (19 wks) vaccination by i.d. growing feather (GF) pulp injection of SV1, SV2, <i>Salmonella</i> Enteritidis (SE) lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or water–oil–water emulsion (V). Local leukocyte levels and relative cytokine mRNA expression were monitored before (0 d) and at 6 h, 1 d, 2 d, 3 d, 5 d, and 7 d post-GF pulp injection (p.i.). Blood was collected through 28 d post-primary or -secondary vaccination, and SE-specific antibodies were quantified via ELISA. Results: Primary vaccine administration increased local heterophil and macrophage levels and increased IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expressions at 6 h p.i., independent of treatment. Secondary administration extended these local immune activities through 3 d p.i. and included prolonged IL-17A mRNA expression. Primary and secondary GF-pulp injection with V resulted in rapid lymphocyte recruitment by 6 h p.i., comprised primarily of CD4<sup>+</sup> and γδ T cells. SV1 and SV2 also produced a T-dependent systemic humoral immune response, as indicated by the IgM-to-IgG isotype switch, along with a memory phenotype in the secondary response. Conclusions: These commercial-killed <i>Salmonella</i> vaccines, when prepared in water–oil–water emulsions, stimulated prolonged innate and T helper (Th) 17-type inflammatory responses at the injection site and produced a classic systemic humoral immune response after a second vaccination. Further research is needed to determine if extended inflammation influences adaptive immune responses in eliminating <i>Salmonella</i> infection.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/3/311<i>Salmonella</i> vaccinechickeninflammationinnate immunityantibodyT cells |
| spellingShingle | Chrysta N. Beck Jossie M. Santamaria Gisela F. Erf Inflammatory and Humoral Immune Responses to Commercial Autogenous <i>Salmonella</i> Bacterin Vaccines in Light-Brown Leghorn Pullets: Primary and Secondary Vaccine Responses Vaccines <i>Salmonella</i> vaccine chicken inflammation innate immunity antibody T cells |
| title | Inflammatory and Humoral Immune Responses to Commercial Autogenous <i>Salmonella</i> Bacterin Vaccines in Light-Brown Leghorn Pullets: Primary and Secondary Vaccine Responses |
| title_full | Inflammatory and Humoral Immune Responses to Commercial Autogenous <i>Salmonella</i> Bacterin Vaccines in Light-Brown Leghorn Pullets: Primary and Secondary Vaccine Responses |
| title_fullStr | Inflammatory and Humoral Immune Responses to Commercial Autogenous <i>Salmonella</i> Bacterin Vaccines in Light-Brown Leghorn Pullets: Primary and Secondary Vaccine Responses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Inflammatory and Humoral Immune Responses to Commercial Autogenous <i>Salmonella</i> Bacterin Vaccines in Light-Brown Leghorn Pullets: Primary and Secondary Vaccine Responses |
| title_short | Inflammatory and Humoral Immune Responses to Commercial Autogenous <i>Salmonella</i> Bacterin Vaccines in Light-Brown Leghorn Pullets: Primary and Secondary Vaccine Responses |
| title_sort | inflammatory and humoral immune responses to commercial autogenous i salmonella i bacterin vaccines in light brown leghorn pullets primary and secondary vaccine responses |
| topic | <i>Salmonella</i> vaccine chicken inflammation innate immunity antibody T cells |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/3/311 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT chrystanbeck inflammatoryandhumoralimmuneresponsestocommercialautogenousisalmonellaibacterinvaccinesinlightbrownleghornpulletsprimaryandsecondaryvaccineresponses AT jossiemsantamaria inflammatoryandhumoralimmuneresponsestocommercialautogenousisalmonellaibacterinvaccinesinlightbrownleghornpulletsprimaryandsecondaryvaccineresponses AT giselaferf inflammatoryandhumoralimmuneresponsestocommercialautogenousisalmonellaibacterinvaccinesinlightbrownleghornpulletsprimaryandsecondaryvaccineresponses |