Retinoic acid differently modulates NOD1/NOD2-mediated inflammatory responses in human macrophage subsets

Macrophages are indispensable in homeostasis and innate immune responses in multiple tissues, while their polarization and functional characteristics are determined by the activating stimuli and their tissue microenvironment. The vitamin A derivative retinoic acid shows inhomogeneous distribution am...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Hala Ahmad, Ahmad Alatshan, Eduárd Bíró, Szilvia Benkő
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Series:Frontiers in Immunology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1609763/full
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