Development and validation of the adolescents’ perceptions of parental involvement scale in China

IntroductionGiven the increasing academic pressures associated with intensified social competition, the role of parental involvement in education has emerged as a pivotal research area, especially within the context of Chinese culture. However, there remains a need to further delineate the character...

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Main Authors: Xuerong Liu, Zheng Gong, Wei Li, Jingyu Lei, Xiaodi Han, Yaozhi Wang, Xueqian Wang, Liping Shi, Qiongzhi Zhang, Qianyu Zhang, Heng Zhang, Zhanghong Li, Jianhong Liu, Jie Gong, Zhiyi Chen, Zhengzhi Feng
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-05-01
Series:Frontiers in Psychology
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1529173/full
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author Xuerong Liu
Xuerong Liu
Zheng Gong
Zheng Gong
Wei Li
Wei Li
Jingyu Lei
Xiaodi Han
Yaozhi Wang
Xueqian Wang
Xueqian Wang
Liping Shi
Liping Shi
Qiongzhi Zhang
Qiongzhi Zhang
Qianyu Zhang
Heng Zhang
Zhanghong Li
Jianhong Liu
Jie Gong
Zhiyi Chen
Zhiyi Chen
Zhengzhi Feng
author_facet Xuerong Liu
Xuerong Liu
Zheng Gong
Zheng Gong
Wei Li
Wei Li
Jingyu Lei
Xiaodi Han
Yaozhi Wang
Xueqian Wang
Xueqian Wang
Liping Shi
Liping Shi
Qiongzhi Zhang
Qiongzhi Zhang
Qianyu Zhang
Heng Zhang
Zhanghong Li
Jianhong Liu
Jie Gong
Zhiyi Chen
Zhiyi Chen
Zhengzhi Feng
author_sort Xuerong Liu
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionGiven the increasing academic pressures associated with intensified social competition, the role of parental involvement in education has emerged as a pivotal research area, especially within the context of Chinese culture. However, there remains a need to further delineate the characteristic dimensions of parental involvement and to develop appropriate measurement tools to quantify such involvements. By the perspective from adolescents’ reports, this study proposed a psychometric and theoretical framework for understanding Chinese adolescents’ perceptions to their parental involvement.MethodsWe adopted a mixed-methods approach across three studies. In Study 1, we conducted structural interviews with adolescents aged 12 to 18, applying grounded theory to analyze their perceptions of parental involvement. Study 2 involved the creation and refinement of a measurement questionnaire through exploratory factor analysis. Study 3 validated these dimensions through confirmatory factor analysis and criterion-related validity tests on national samples.ResultsStudy 1 identified four preliminary characteristic dimensions of perceived parental involvement: emotional involvement, academic involvement, life involvement, and social involvement. In Study 2, we developed a four-dimensional 21-item questionnaire showing high conceptional validity. Study 3 demonstrated strong reliability and construct validity for this questionnaire across different samples.DiscussionThis research provides a new understanding of the characteristic dimensions of adolescents’ perceptions of parental involvement and introduces an effective measurement tool.
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spelling doaj-art-fb1438338a0e41908a9584f0d8e12d782025-08-20T02:24:54ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782025-05-011610.3389/fpsyg.2025.15291731529173Development and validation of the adolescents’ perceptions of parental involvement scale in ChinaXuerong Liu0Xuerong Liu1Zheng Gong2Zheng Gong3Wei Li4Wei Li5Jingyu Lei6Xiaodi Han7Yaozhi Wang8Xueqian Wang9Xueqian Wang10Liping Shi11Liping Shi12Qiongzhi Zhang13Qiongzhi Zhang14Qianyu Zhang15Heng Zhang16Zhanghong Li17Jianhong Liu18Jie Gong19Zhiyi Chen20Zhiyi Chen21Zhengzhi Feng22Experimental Research Center of Medical and Psychological Science, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, ChinaExperimental Research Center of Medical and Psychological Science, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, ChinaExperimental Research Center of Medical and Psychological Science, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, ChinaExperimental Research Center of Medical and Psychological Science, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaExperimental Research Center of Medical and Psychological Science, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaDepartment of Educational Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, ChinaExperimental Research Center of Medical and Psychological Science, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, ChinaExperimental Research Center of Medical and Psychological Science, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, ChinaExperimental Research Center of Medical and Psychological Science, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, ChinaExperimental Research Center of Medical and Psychological Science, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaLangfang Foreign Language School, Langfang, Hebei, ChinaRongchang District Teacher Training School, Chongqing, ChinaDaixian Second Middle School, Xinzhou, Shanxi, ChinaNanchong Psychosomatic Hospital, Nanchong, Sichuan, ChinaExperimental Research Center of Medical and Psychological Science, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, ChinaExperimental Research Center of Medical and Psychological Science, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, ChinaIntroductionGiven the increasing academic pressures associated with intensified social competition, the role of parental involvement in education has emerged as a pivotal research area, especially within the context of Chinese culture. However, there remains a need to further delineate the characteristic dimensions of parental involvement and to develop appropriate measurement tools to quantify such involvements. By the perspective from adolescents’ reports, this study proposed a psychometric and theoretical framework for understanding Chinese adolescents’ perceptions to their parental involvement.MethodsWe adopted a mixed-methods approach across three studies. In Study 1, we conducted structural interviews with adolescents aged 12 to 18, applying grounded theory to analyze their perceptions of parental involvement. Study 2 involved the creation and refinement of a measurement questionnaire through exploratory factor analysis. Study 3 validated these dimensions through confirmatory factor analysis and criterion-related validity tests on national samples.ResultsStudy 1 identified four preliminary characteristic dimensions of perceived parental involvement: emotional involvement, academic involvement, life involvement, and social involvement. In Study 2, we developed a four-dimensional 21-item questionnaire showing high conceptional validity. Study 3 demonstrated strong reliability and construct validity for this questionnaire across different samples.DiscussionThis research provides a new understanding of the characteristic dimensions of adolescents’ perceptions of parental involvement and introduces an effective measurement tool.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1529173/fulladolescenceparental involvementgrounded theoryscale developmentvalidation
spellingShingle Xuerong Liu
Xuerong Liu
Zheng Gong
Zheng Gong
Wei Li
Wei Li
Jingyu Lei
Xiaodi Han
Yaozhi Wang
Xueqian Wang
Xueqian Wang
Liping Shi
Liping Shi
Qiongzhi Zhang
Qiongzhi Zhang
Qianyu Zhang
Heng Zhang
Zhanghong Li
Jianhong Liu
Jie Gong
Zhiyi Chen
Zhiyi Chen
Zhengzhi Feng
Development and validation of the adolescents’ perceptions of parental involvement scale in China
Frontiers in Psychology
adolescence
parental involvement
grounded theory
scale development
validation
title Development and validation of the adolescents’ perceptions of parental involvement scale in China
title_full Development and validation of the adolescents’ perceptions of parental involvement scale in China
title_fullStr Development and validation of the adolescents’ perceptions of parental involvement scale in China
title_full_unstemmed Development and validation of the adolescents’ perceptions of parental involvement scale in China
title_short Development and validation of the adolescents’ perceptions of parental involvement scale in China
title_sort development and validation of the adolescents perceptions of parental involvement scale in china
topic adolescence
parental involvement
grounded theory
scale development
validation
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1529173/full
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