Internal consistency and structural validity of the parent-report preschool (2-4 years) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in 1-year-old children
Abstract Background Prevention and early intervention are key to addressing poor child mental health. Systematic reviews have highlighted a lack of brief, valid and reliable outcome measures that can be implemented in both research and practice to assess social, emotional and behavioural outcomes in...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
SpringerOpen
2025-06-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s41687-025-00905-1 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849420624243458048 |
|---|---|
| author | Sarah L. Blower Kate E. Mooney Nicole Gridley Fionnuala Larkin Tracey J. Bywater G. J. Melendez-Torres |
| author_facet | Sarah L. Blower Kate E. Mooney Nicole Gridley Fionnuala Larkin Tracey J. Bywater G. J. Melendez-Torres |
| author_sort | Sarah L. Blower |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Prevention and early intervention are key to addressing poor child mental health. Systematic reviews have highlighted a lack of brief, valid and reliable outcome measures that can be implemented in both research and practice to assess social, emotional and behavioural outcomes in the early years. The Preschool Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (2–4 years) is a promising candidate to fill this gap, but the measurement properties of this tool are not yet known in very young children. Methods A secondary data analysis of two clinical trial datasets was conducted to examine the internal consistency reliability and structural validity of the parent-report English preschool version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in a sample of 505 infants with mean average age of 18 months (SD .81). The measure was designed for children aged 2–4 years and was not modified prior to use with 1-year-olds in this study. Structural validity was examined in two Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) testing two-factor and five-factor models (representing factor structures proposed by the developers of SDQ), and McDonald’s coefficient Omega was estimated for each subscale with values > .70 considered acceptable. Results The model fit values for the two-factor model demonstrated a poor fit to the data (X 2 = 626.067(151) = p < .001, CFI = 0.612, RMSEA = 0.079 [90% CI .073 to .085], SRMR = .077) and the omega value was below acceptable at ω = .57 for the internalising subscale and ω = .76 for the externalising subscale. The five-factor model also demonstrated a poor fit to the data (X 2 = 836.813(242) = p < .001, CFI = 0.676, RMSEA = 0.070 [90% CI .065 to .075], SRMR = .081). Omega values were below acceptable for three out of five subscales. Discussion We concluded that the measure has poor internal consistency and lacks structural validity in this very young age group. Further research to adapt the SDQ in order to improve content and face validity is recommended prior to any further psychometric analyses with this very young age group. The paucity of robust and practical outcome measures of early social, emotional and behavioural poses significant challenges to the early identification of need and evaluation of interventions. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-fa909f13192e408caa6b8514661d89ae |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2509-8020 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes |
| spelling | doaj-art-fa909f13192e408caa6b8514661d89ae2025-08-20T03:31:42ZengSpringerOpenJournal of Patient-Reported Outcomes2509-80202025-06-01911810.1186/s41687-025-00905-1Internal consistency and structural validity of the parent-report preschool (2-4 years) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in 1-year-old childrenSarah L. Blower0Kate E. Mooney1Nicole Gridley2Fionnuala Larkin3Tracey J. Bywater4G. J. Melendez-Torres5Department of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of YorkDepartment of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of YorkCarnegie School of Education, Carnegie Hall, 222, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett UniversitySchool of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork Enterprise Centre, North MallDepartment of Health Sciences, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of YorkUniversity of Exeter Medical School, South Cloisters, University of Exeter, St Luke’s CampusAbstract Background Prevention and early intervention are key to addressing poor child mental health. Systematic reviews have highlighted a lack of brief, valid and reliable outcome measures that can be implemented in both research and practice to assess social, emotional and behavioural outcomes in the early years. The Preschool Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (2–4 years) is a promising candidate to fill this gap, but the measurement properties of this tool are not yet known in very young children. Methods A secondary data analysis of two clinical trial datasets was conducted to examine the internal consistency reliability and structural validity of the parent-report English preschool version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in a sample of 505 infants with mean average age of 18 months (SD .81). The measure was designed for children aged 2–4 years and was not modified prior to use with 1-year-olds in this study. Structural validity was examined in two Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) testing two-factor and five-factor models (representing factor structures proposed by the developers of SDQ), and McDonald’s coefficient Omega was estimated for each subscale with values > .70 considered acceptable. Results The model fit values for the two-factor model demonstrated a poor fit to the data (X 2 = 626.067(151) = p < .001, CFI = 0.612, RMSEA = 0.079 [90% CI .073 to .085], SRMR = .077) and the omega value was below acceptable at ω = .57 for the internalising subscale and ω = .76 for the externalising subscale. The five-factor model also demonstrated a poor fit to the data (X 2 = 836.813(242) = p < .001, CFI = 0.676, RMSEA = 0.070 [90% CI .065 to .075], SRMR = .081). Omega values were below acceptable for three out of five subscales. Discussion We concluded that the measure has poor internal consistency and lacks structural validity in this very young age group. Further research to adapt the SDQ in order to improve content and face validity is recommended prior to any further psychometric analyses with this very young age group. The paucity of robust and practical outcome measures of early social, emotional and behavioural poses significant challenges to the early identification of need and evaluation of interventions.https://doi.org/10.1186/s41687-025-00905-1 |
| spellingShingle | Sarah L. Blower Kate E. Mooney Nicole Gridley Fionnuala Larkin Tracey J. Bywater G. J. Melendez-Torres Internal consistency and structural validity of the parent-report preschool (2-4 years) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in 1-year-old children Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes |
| title | Internal consistency and structural validity of the parent-report preschool (2-4 years) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in 1-year-old children |
| title_full | Internal consistency and structural validity of the parent-report preschool (2-4 years) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in 1-year-old children |
| title_fullStr | Internal consistency and structural validity of the parent-report preschool (2-4 years) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in 1-year-old children |
| title_full_unstemmed | Internal consistency and structural validity of the parent-report preschool (2-4 years) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in 1-year-old children |
| title_short | Internal consistency and structural validity of the parent-report preschool (2-4 years) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in 1-year-old children |
| title_sort | internal consistency and structural validity of the parent report preschool 2 4 years strengths and difficulties questionnaire in 1 year old children |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s41687-025-00905-1 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sarahlblower internalconsistencyandstructuralvalidityoftheparentreportpreschool24yearsstrengthsanddifficultiesquestionnairein1yearoldchildren AT kateemooney internalconsistencyandstructuralvalidityoftheparentreportpreschool24yearsstrengthsanddifficultiesquestionnairein1yearoldchildren AT nicolegridley internalconsistencyandstructuralvalidityoftheparentreportpreschool24yearsstrengthsanddifficultiesquestionnairein1yearoldchildren AT fionnualalarkin internalconsistencyandstructuralvalidityoftheparentreportpreschool24yearsstrengthsanddifficultiesquestionnairein1yearoldchildren AT traceyjbywater internalconsistencyandstructuralvalidityoftheparentreportpreschool24yearsstrengthsanddifficultiesquestionnairein1yearoldchildren AT gjmelendeztorres internalconsistencyandstructuralvalidityoftheparentreportpreschool24yearsstrengthsanddifficultiesquestionnairein1yearoldchildren |