Maritime militias in international law: state actors or private actors

Abstract Maritime militias, increasingly institutionalized by states as hybrid entities, blur the traditional demarcation between state and non-state actors. However, international law lacks explicit regulations for these “soldier-civilian” collectives. Existing analyzes primarily invoke the UNCLOS...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Jie Liu, Haoran Cui
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer Nature 2025-08-01
Series:Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05723-w
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