MAPK, PI3K/Akt Pathways, and GSK-3β Activity in Severe Acute Heart Failure in Intensive Care Patients: An Updated Review
Acute heart failure (AHF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset or rapid worsening of heart failure signs and symptoms, frequently triggered by myocardial ischemia, pressure overload, or cardiotoxic injury. A central component of its pathophysiology is the activation of intracellu...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/12/7/266 |
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