MAPK, PI3K/Akt Pathways, and GSK-3β Activity in Severe Acute Heart Failure in Intensive Care Patients: An Updated Review

Acute heart failure (AHF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the sudden onset or rapid worsening of heart failure signs and symptoms, frequently triggered by myocardial ischemia, pressure overload, or cardiotoxic injury. A central component of its pathophysiology is the activation of intracellu...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Massimo Meco, Enrico Giustiniano, Fulvio Nisi, Pierluigi Zulli, Emiliano Agosteo
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/12/7/266
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