Improved durability of 3D-printed ear tags for virtual fencing in cattle: mechanical and field performance
Livestock tracking technologies, particularly virtual fencing systems which confine animals within a designated area without physical fences, have seen significant advancements. However, much of the research focuses on the technology and functionality of these systems, and less attention has been gi...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Animal Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2025.1643958/full |
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| author | Hannah James Clara Rial Darke Hull Jamison Taylor Theopisti Nikolaou Juan Boza Julio Giordano David Erickson |
| author_facet | Hannah James Clara Rial Darke Hull Jamison Taylor Theopisti Nikolaou Juan Boza Julio Giordano David Erickson |
| author_sort | Hannah James |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Livestock tracking technologies, particularly virtual fencing systems which confine animals within a designated area without physical fences, have seen significant advancements. However, much of the research focuses on the technology and functionality of these systems, and less attention has been given to the materials used in their design, which are critical to their long-term effectiveness and durability. Specifically, there is a lack of research on optimized materials and designs for cow virtual fencing devices, despite their essential role in ensuring reliable cattle tracking and enhancing animal welfare. Durable, non-toxic materials capable of withstanding harsh environmental conditions are crucial for these applications, yet limited studies have explored suitable material options. This study addresses this gap through a three-pronged approach combining Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations, mechanical analysis, and field testing to evaluate two prototype cow ear tag designs—one made from high-speed resin and the other from Nylon 6/66. This study examines their performance under simulated real-world factors, such as chewing forces and environmental exposure. In addition, we conducted field tests at the Cornell University Ruminant Center, a large-scale research dairy facility, to evaluate the prototypes under operational farm conditions. Our findings demonstrate that material choice, and weight significantly affect device longevity, with a reduced size and weight Nylon material offering a 50% improvement in durability compared to resin. Our results emphasize how important material and design choices are in the wider application of sustainable and precision agriculture practices. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ee5bc260b58a41d598728985eec7b067 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2673-6225 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Animal Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-ee5bc260b58a41d598728985eec7b0672025-08-20T03:46:50ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Animal Science2673-62252025-08-01610.3389/fanim.2025.16439581643958Improved durability of 3D-printed ear tags for virtual fencing in cattle: mechanical and field performanceHannah James0Clara Rial1Darke Hull2Jamison Taylor3Theopisti Nikolaou4Juan Boza5Julio Giordano6David Erickson7Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United StatesDepartment of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United StatesCornell University, Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United StatesSibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United StatesCornell University, Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United StatesCornell University, Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United StatesDepartment of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United StatesSibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United StatesLivestock tracking technologies, particularly virtual fencing systems which confine animals within a designated area without physical fences, have seen significant advancements. However, much of the research focuses on the technology and functionality of these systems, and less attention has been given to the materials used in their design, which are critical to their long-term effectiveness and durability. Specifically, there is a lack of research on optimized materials and designs for cow virtual fencing devices, despite their essential role in ensuring reliable cattle tracking and enhancing animal welfare. Durable, non-toxic materials capable of withstanding harsh environmental conditions are crucial for these applications, yet limited studies have explored suitable material options. This study addresses this gap through a three-pronged approach combining Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations, mechanical analysis, and field testing to evaluate two prototype cow ear tag designs—one made from high-speed resin and the other from Nylon 6/66. This study examines their performance under simulated real-world factors, such as chewing forces and environmental exposure. In addition, we conducted field tests at the Cornell University Ruminant Center, a large-scale research dairy facility, to evaluate the prototypes under operational farm conditions. Our findings demonstrate that material choice, and weight significantly affect device longevity, with a reduced size and weight Nylon material offering a 50% improvement in durability compared to resin. Our results emphasize how important material and design choices are in the wider application of sustainable and precision agriculture practices.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2025.1643958/fullprecision livestock technology3D-printed wearablesagricultural materials engineeringnylon durabilityfatigue testing |
| spellingShingle | Hannah James Clara Rial Darke Hull Jamison Taylor Theopisti Nikolaou Juan Boza Julio Giordano David Erickson Improved durability of 3D-printed ear tags for virtual fencing in cattle: mechanical and field performance Frontiers in Animal Science precision livestock technology 3D-printed wearables agricultural materials engineering nylon durability fatigue testing |
| title | Improved durability of 3D-printed ear tags for virtual fencing in cattle: mechanical and field performance |
| title_full | Improved durability of 3D-printed ear tags for virtual fencing in cattle: mechanical and field performance |
| title_fullStr | Improved durability of 3D-printed ear tags for virtual fencing in cattle: mechanical and field performance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Improved durability of 3D-printed ear tags for virtual fencing in cattle: mechanical and field performance |
| title_short | Improved durability of 3D-printed ear tags for virtual fencing in cattle: mechanical and field performance |
| title_sort | improved durability of 3d printed ear tags for virtual fencing in cattle mechanical and field performance |
| topic | precision livestock technology 3D-printed wearables agricultural materials engineering nylon durability fatigue testing |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2025.1643958/full |
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