Improved durability of 3D-printed ear tags for virtual fencing in cattle: mechanical and field performance

Livestock tracking technologies, particularly virtual fencing systems which confine animals within a designated area without physical fences, have seen significant advancements. However, much of the research focuses on the technology and functionality of these systems, and less attention has been gi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Hannah James, Clara Rial, Darke Hull, Jamison Taylor, Theopisti Nikolaou, Juan Boza, Julio Giordano, David Erickson
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-08-01
Series:Frontiers in Animal Science
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fanim.2025.1643958/full
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