Silencing NRF2 enhances arsenic trioxide-induced ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

<h4>Objective</h4>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with high mortality rates partially due to limited therapeutic options and drug resistance. Arsenic trioxide (ATO), a compound clinically proven for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL),...

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Main Authors: Mi Huang, Duanzhuo Li, Zhengzhen Xia, Shengjie Liao, Wenxia Si, Chao Yuan, Yanli Liao, Weibin Wu, Minshu Jiang, Xin Yu, Yi Quan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2025-01-01
Series:PLoS ONE
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0322746
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author Mi Huang
Duanzhuo Li
Zhengzhen Xia
Shengjie Liao
Wenxia Si
Chao Yuan
Yanli Liao
Weibin Wu
Minshu Jiang
Xin Yu
Yi Quan
author_facet Mi Huang
Duanzhuo Li
Zhengzhen Xia
Shengjie Liao
Wenxia Si
Chao Yuan
Yanli Liao
Weibin Wu
Minshu Jiang
Xin Yu
Yi Quan
author_sort Mi Huang
collection DOAJ
description <h4>Objective</h4>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with high mortality rates partially due to limited therapeutic options and drug resistance. Arsenic trioxide (ATO), a compound clinically proven for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), has garnered attention for its emerging efficacy in solid tumors, including HCC. However, the molecular mechanisms driving ATO's antitumor activity in HCC remain incompletely understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the ferroptosis-dependent effects of ATO on HCC and and propose a potential therapeutic strategy.<h4>Methods</h4>The response of HCC cells to ATO was evaluated using cell viability, wound healing, colony formation, Transwell migration assays, and cell cycle analysis. ATO-induced ferroptosis was assessed by measuring lipid peroxidation (via C11-BODIPY staining), intracellular iron levels, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production. Western blotting was performed to quantify protein levels of NRF2, HO-1, SLC7A11, and GPX4; immunofluorescence staining was employed to determine NRF2 subcellular localization.<h4>Results</h4>ATO exhibited significant cytotoxicity and inhibited the progression of HCC cells. Treatment with ATO resulted in a notable increase in lipid ROS and MDA levels, which were subsequently reversed by the ferroptosis inhibitors Fer-1 and DFO. Mechanistically, ATO induced ferroptosis by inhibiting GPX4. Furthermore, NRF2 and its downstream targets, HO-1 and SLC7A11, were upregulated during ferroptosis. NRF2 knockdown enhanced lipid peroxidation and ATO-induced cell death.<h4>Conclusions</h4>ATO significantly promoted ferroptosis in HCC cells, and NRF2 knockdown enhanced the cytotoxic effects of ATO.
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spelling doaj-art-ec565a637e624abea484e493f8ce7b882025-08-20T02:34:10ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032025-01-01205e032274610.1371/journal.pone.0322746Silencing NRF2 enhances arsenic trioxide-induced ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Mi HuangDuanzhuo LiZhengzhen XiaShengjie LiaoWenxia SiChao YuanYanli LiaoWeibin WuMinshu JiangXin YuYi Quan<h4>Objective</h4>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with high mortality rates partially due to limited therapeutic options and drug resistance. Arsenic trioxide (ATO), a compound clinically proven for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), has garnered attention for its emerging efficacy in solid tumors, including HCC. However, the molecular mechanisms driving ATO's antitumor activity in HCC remain incompletely understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the ferroptosis-dependent effects of ATO on HCC and and propose a potential therapeutic strategy.<h4>Methods</h4>The response of HCC cells to ATO was evaluated using cell viability, wound healing, colony formation, Transwell migration assays, and cell cycle analysis. ATO-induced ferroptosis was assessed by measuring lipid peroxidation (via C11-BODIPY staining), intracellular iron levels, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production. Western blotting was performed to quantify protein levels of NRF2, HO-1, SLC7A11, and GPX4; immunofluorescence staining was employed to determine NRF2 subcellular localization.<h4>Results</h4>ATO exhibited significant cytotoxicity and inhibited the progression of HCC cells. Treatment with ATO resulted in a notable increase in lipid ROS and MDA levels, which were subsequently reversed by the ferroptosis inhibitors Fer-1 and DFO. Mechanistically, ATO induced ferroptosis by inhibiting GPX4. Furthermore, NRF2 and its downstream targets, HO-1 and SLC7A11, were upregulated during ferroptosis. NRF2 knockdown enhanced lipid peroxidation and ATO-induced cell death.<h4>Conclusions</h4>ATO significantly promoted ferroptosis in HCC cells, and NRF2 knockdown enhanced the cytotoxic effects of ATO.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0322746
spellingShingle Mi Huang
Duanzhuo Li
Zhengzhen Xia
Shengjie Liao
Wenxia Si
Chao Yuan
Yanli Liao
Weibin Wu
Minshu Jiang
Xin Yu
Yi Quan
Silencing NRF2 enhances arsenic trioxide-induced ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
PLoS ONE
title Silencing NRF2 enhances arsenic trioxide-induced ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
title_full Silencing NRF2 enhances arsenic trioxide-induced ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
title_fullStr Silencing NRF2 enhances arsenic trioxide-induced ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
title_full_unstemmed Silencing NRF2 enhances arsenic trioxide-induced ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
title_short Silencing NRF2 enhances arsenic trioxide-induced ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
title_sort silencing nrf2 enhances arsenic trioxide induced ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells
url https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0322746
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