Identification of technology-based models and efficacy of digital-based pain facial expression assessment tools among children: a systematic review

Abstract Background Pain management in children remains a significant challenge due to the lack of appropriate assessment methods. Facial expression-based instruments are widely used as facial expressions serve as a key nonverbal indicator of pain. However, conventional paper-based tools have limita...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Gusgus Ghraha Ramdhanie, Dessie Wanda, Nur Agustini, Tomy Abuzairi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:BMC Nursing
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-025-03451-9
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