Phytotoxic effects of 6PPD on wheat: Insights into germination inhibition, oxidative stress, and metabolic disruptions
N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a widely used antioxidant in the rubber industry, has been identified as a pervasive environmental contaminant with significant ecological risks. However, its effects on terrestrial plants remain poorly understood. This study systematically...
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KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590182625000700 |
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| author | Abdul Mateen Baig Weitao Liu Aurang Zeb Hifza Iqbal Sheharyar Khan Ruiying Shi Hamra Tariq Jinzheng Liu Yuexing Zhao Xiang Li Yichen Ge |
| author_facet | Abdul Mateen Baig Weitao Liu Aurang Zeb Hifza Iqbal Sheharyar Khan Ruiying Shi Hamra Tariq Jinzheng Liu Yuexing Zhao Xiang Li Yichen Ge |
| author_sort | Abdul Mateen Baig |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a widely used antioxidant in the rubber industry, has been identified as a pervasive environmental contaminant with significant ecological risks. However, its effects on terrestrial plants remain poorly understood. This study systematically evaluates the impact of 6PPD (10 to 400 μg L−1) on seed germination, seedling growth, nutrient accumulation, oxidative stress, and metabolic responses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The findings demonstrate that 6PPD significantly inhibits seed germination, with rates declining by 19.64 % to 42.26 % across tested concentrations. Seed vigor and sprout length were notably reduced at higher concentrations (200 and 400 μg L−1) (p < 0.05). Exposure to 400 μg L−1 6PPD suppressed chlorophyll content and shoot biomass, indicating disruptions in photosynthetic efficiency and growth. Nutrient analysis revealed a biphasic response, with increased Cu, Mg, Mn, and Zn in leaves at lower 6PPD concentrations (10, 50, and 100 μg L−1) and significant reductions in Cu at higher concentrations (200 and 400 μg L−1) (p < 0.05). Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, correlating with increasing 6PPD concentrations, indicated severe disruption of the antioxidant defense system. Metabolic profiling identified significant alterations in pathways related to fatty acids, carbohydrates, citrate, and d-amino acids. These findings suggest that 6PPD exposure compromises wheat metabolism and growth, highlighting the ecological risks posed by tire wear particle-derived compounds to crop plants. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-eae69213f98f489dafede17ad9981756 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2590-1826 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology |
| spelling | doaj-art-eae69213f98f489dafede17ad99817562025-08-20T03:25:05ZengKeAi Communications Co., Ltd.Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology2590-18262025-01-0171158116810.1016/j.enceco.2025.05.021Phytotoxic effects of 6PPD on wheat: Insights into germination inhibition, oxidative stress, and metabolic disruptionsAbdul Mateen Baig0Weitao Liu1Aurang Zeb2Hifza Iqbal3Sheharyar Khan4Ruiying Shi5Hamra Tariq6Jinzheng Liu7Yuexing Zhao8Xiang Li9Yichen Ge10MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Corresponding author at: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, China.MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, PR ChinaN-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a widely used antioxidant in the rubber industry, has been identified as a pervasive environmental contaminant with significant ecological risks. However, its effects on terrestrial plants remain poorly understood. This study systematically evaluates the impact of 6PPD (10 to 400 μg L−1) on seed germination, seedling growth, nutrient accumulation, oxidative stress, and metabolic responses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The findings demonstrate that 6PPD significantly inhibits seed germination, with rates declining by 19.64 % to 42.26 % across tested concentrations. Seed vigor and sprout length were notably reduced at higher concentrations (200 and 400 μg L−1) (p < 0.05). Exposure to 400 μg L−1 6PPD suppressed chlorophyll content and shoot biomass, indicating disruptions in photosynthetic efficiency and growth. Nutrient analysis revealed a biphasic response, with increased Cu, Mg, Mn, and Zn in leaves at lower 6PPD concentrations (10, 50, and 100 μg L−1) and significant reductions in Cu at higher concentrations (200 and 400 μg L−1) (p < 0.05). Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, correlating with increasing 6PPD concentrations, indicated severe disruption of the antioxidant defense system. Metabolic profiling identified significant alterations in pathways related to fatty acids, carbohydrates, citrate, and d-amino acids. These findings suggest that 6PPD exposure compromises wheat metabolism and growth, highlighting the ecological risks posed by tire wear particle-derived compounds to crop plants.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S25901826250007006PPDSeed germinationToxicityOxidative stressMetabolomics |
| spellingShingle | Abdul Mateen Baig Weitao Liu Aurang Zeb Hifza Iqbal Sheharyar Khan Ruiying Shi Hamra Tariq Jinzheng Liu Yuexing Zhao Xiang Li Yichen Ge Phytotoxic effects of 6PPD on wheat: Insights into germination inhibition, oxidative stress, and metabolic disruptions Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology 6PPD Seed germination Toxicity Oxidative stress Metabolomics |
| title | Phytotoxic effects of 6PPD on wheat: Insights into germination inhibition, oxidative stress, and metabolic disruptions |
| title_full | Phytotoxic effects of 6PPD on wheat: Insights into germination inhibition, oxidative stress, and metabolic disruptions |
| title_fullStr | Phytotoxic effects of 6PPD on wheat: Insights into germination inhibition, oxidative stress, and metabolic disruptions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phytotoxic effects of 6PPD on wheat: Insights into germination inhibition, oxidative stress, and metabolic disruptions |
| title_short | Phytotoxic effects of 6PPD on wheat: Insights into germination inhibition, oxidative stress, and metabolic disruptions |
| title_sort | phytotoxic effects of 6ppd on wheat insights into germination inhibition oxidative stress and metabolic disruptions |
| topic | 6PPD Seed germination Toxicity Oxidative stress Metabolomics |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590182625000700 |
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