Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Five-Membered Heterocycle–Cinnamic Acid Hybrids
In this study, the design and synthesis of a novel series of cinnamic acid and 1,2,4-triazole hybrids were reported, aiming to enhance antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities through pharmacophore combination. Cinnamic acid derivatives and 1,2,4-triazoles exhibit a broad spectrum of biolo...
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2025-07-01
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| author | Konstantinos Theodoridis Eleftherios Charissopoulos Dimitra Tsioumela Eleni Pontiki |
| author_facet | Konstantinos Theodoridis Eleftherios Charissopoulos Dimitra Tsioumela Eleni Pontiki |
| author_sort | Konstantinos Theodoridis |
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| description | In this study, the design and synthesis of a novel series of cinnamic acid and 1,2,4-triazole hybrids were reported, aiming to enhance antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities through pharmacophore combination. Cinnamic acid derivatives and 1,2,4-triazoles exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities; therefore, by synthesizing hybrid molecules, we would like to exploit the beneficial characteristics of each scaffold. The general synthetic procedure comprises three synthetic steps, starting from the reaction of appropriate substituted cinnamic acid with hydrazine monohydrate in acetonitrile with cyclohexane and resulting in the formation of hydrazides. Consequently, the hydrazides reacted with phenylisothiocyanate under microwave irradiation conditions. Then, cyclization proceeded to the 1,2,4-triazole after the addition of NaOH solution and microwave irradiation. All the synthesized derivatives have been studied for their ability (a) to interact with the free radical DPPH, (b) inhibit lipid peroxidation induced by AAPH, and (c) inhibit soybean lipoxygenase. The synthesized derivatives have shown significant antioxidant activity and have been proved to be very good lipoxygenase inhibitors. Compounds <b>4b</b> and <b>4g</b> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 4.5 μM) are the most potent within the series followed by compound <b>6a</b> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 5.0 μM). All the synthesized derivatives have been subjected to docking studies related to soybean lipoxygenase. Compound <b>4g</b> exhibited a docking score of −9.2 kcal/mol and formed hydrophobic interactions with Val126, Tyr525, Lys526, Arg533, and Trp772, as well as a π−cation interaction with Lys526. |
| format | Article |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e52f8f5660ef496b86ede459c24e14732025-08-20T04:00:53ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-07-013015314810.3390/molecules30153148Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Five-Membered Heterocycle–Cinnamic Acid HybridsKonstantinos Theodoridis0Eleftherios Charissopoulos1Dimitra Tsioumela2Eleni Pontiki3Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, GreeceIn this study, the design and synthesis of a novel series of cinnamic acid and 1,2,4-triazole hybrids were reported, aiming to enhance antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities through pharmacophore combination. Cinnamic acid derivatives and 1,2,4-triazoles exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities; therefore, by synthesizing hybrid molecules, we would like to exploit the beneficial characteristics of each scaffold. The general synthetic procedure comprises three synthetic steps, starting from the reaction of appropriate substituted cinnamic acid with hydrazine monohydrate in acetonitrile with cyclohexane and resulting in the formation of hydrazides. Consequently, the hydrazides reacted with phenylisothiocyanate under microwave irradiation conditions. Then, cyclization proceeded to the 1,2,4-triazole after the addition of NaOH solution and microwave irradiation. All the synthesized derivatives have been studied for their ability (a) to interact with the free radical DPPH, (b) inhibit lipid peroxidation induced by AAPH, and (c) inhibit soybean lipoxygenase. The synthesized derivatives have shown significant antioxidant activity and have been proved to be very good lipoxygenase inhibitors. Compounds <b>4b</b> and <b>4g</b> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 4.5 μM) are the most potent within the series followed by compound <b>6a</b> (IC<sub>50</sub> = 5.0 μM). All the synthesized derivatives have been subjected to docking studies related to soybean lipoxygenase. Compound <b>4g</b> exhibited a docking score of −9.2 kcal/mol and formed hydrophobic interactions with Val126, Tyr525, Lys526, Arg533, and Trp772, as well as a π−cation interaction with Lys526.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3148cinnamic acid derivatives1,2,4-triazole1,3,4-oxadiazolechimeric moleculesanti-inflammatoryantioxidant |
| spellingShingle | Konstantinos Theodoridis Eleftherios Charissopoulos Dimitra Tsioumela Eleni Pontiki Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Five-Membered Heterocycle–Cinnamic Acid Hybrids Molecules cinnamic acid derivatives 1,2,4-triazole 1,3,4-oxadiazole chimeric molecules anti-inflammatory antioxidant |
| title | Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Five-Membered Heterocycle–Cinnamic Acid Hybrids |
| title_full | Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Five-Membered Heterocycle–Cinnamic Acid Hybrids |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Five-Membered Heterocycle–Cinnamic Acid Hybrids |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Five-Membered Heterocycle–Cinnamic Acid Hybrids |
| title_short | Synthesis and Molecular Modeling of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Five-Membered Heterocycle–Cinnamic Acid Hybrids |
| title_sort | synthesis and molecular modeling of antioxidant and anti inflammatory five membered heterocycle cinnamic acid hybrids |
| topic | cinnamic acid derivatives 1,2,4-triazole 1,3,4-oxadiazole chimeric molecules anti-inflammatory antioxidant |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3148 |
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