Economic and environmental impacts of commercial milk formula in Indonesia: estimates and comparisons using the Cost of Not Breastfeeding, Green Feeding, and Mothers’ Milk Tools

Abstract Background Sales of commercial milk formula products (CMF) are rising rapidly. This study analysed key economic and environmental impacts CMF feeding in Indonesia, which are often overlooked in policy discussions despite their relevance. Methods We assessed the economic and environmental im...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Nabila Nur Septiani, Andini Pramono, Tuan Thanh Nguyen, Roger Mathisen, Julie Smith
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-05-01
Series:International Breastfeeding Journal
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13006-025-00732-6
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