The Metal Oxidation State in Cu, CuO, and Cu<sub>2</sub>O Nanoparticles Plays a Key Role in Toxicity to Sea Urchin <i>Arbacia lixula</i>, <i>Paracentrotus lividus,</i> and <i>Sphaerechinus granularis</i> Embryos

The Metal Oxidation State in Cu, CuO, and Cu<sub>2</sub>O Nanoparticles Plays a Key Role in Toxicity to Sea Urchin <i>Arbacia lixula</i>, <i>Paracentrotus lividus,</i> and <i>Sphaerechinus granularis</i> Embryos

Copper-based nanoparticles (as Cu<sub>2</sub>O) are a key component in marine antifouling paints and, as coatings degrade, release nanoparticles that can affect a wide range of non-target organisms. This study investigates the impact of Cu<sub>2</sub>O nanoparticles on the ea...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Ivana Čarapar, Lara Jurković, Dijana Pavičić-Hamer, Andrej Jaklin, Maja Dutour Sikirić, Bojan Hamer, Daniel Mark Lyons
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Toxics
Subjects:
antifouling
copper
developmental defect
embryogenesis
marine
paint
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/6/469
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