Comprehensive review of the electrochemical detection, redox mechanism, and mitigation of the adverse effects of pharmaceutical xenobiotics via photocatalytic degradation
Abstract This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce oxidative stress and also discusses the implications of this phenomenon on human health. It provides insights into the NSAIDs’ mechanism of action, their adverse effects, and di...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Springer
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Discover Sustainability |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01384-6 |
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| Summary: | Abstract This review provides an overview of the mechanisms by which Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induce oxidative stress and also discusses the implications of this phenomenon on human health. It provides insights into the NSAIDs’ mechanism of action, their adverse effects, and different electroanalytical techniques for their detection and unfolding the redox processes by which NSAIDs metabolize and exert their action. Furthermore, NSAIDs are not completely metabolized by the human body and are released into domestic effluents that ultimately enter water bodies. These drugs are often disposed of directly into water bodies without any pretreatment in regions where drug disposal regulations are not strictly followed. Consequently, the concentration of drug residues increases in water bodies, posing a serious threat to both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Traditional methods for water purification cannot effectively remove these pollutants from wastewater. Hence, effective methods are urgently required. In this regard, photocatalytic degradation is a promising method for water purification from pharmaceutical residues, which are listed among emerging contaminants. This study presents potential health hazards associated with drug residues and offers photocatalytic method for removing these effluents from wastewater to meet the requirements of the sustainability goal of water purification. Graphical abstract |
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| ISSN: | 2662-9984 |