Effect of Anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 Antibody on Middle Ear Mucosal Immune Response to Intranasal Administration of <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Outer Membrane Protein

Effect of Anti-Programmed Cell Death-1 Antibody on Middle Ear Mucosal Immune Response to Intranasal Administration of <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> Outer Membrane Protein

<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Acute otitis media is a common pediatric infection caused primarily by nontypeable <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>. With rising antibiotic resistance, vaccines are essential for combating this public health issue. Although the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway ha...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Kazuhiro Yoshinaga, Takashi Hirano, Shingo Umemoto, Yoshinori Kadowaki, Takayuki Matsunaga, Masashi Suzuki
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Vaccines
Subjects:
acute otitis media
PD-1
PD-L1
humoral immunity
T follicular helper cells
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/3/313
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