Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for porcine gelatin using a boron-doped diamond electrode via diazonium salt electrografting
Porcine gelatin is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its favorable functional properties and low cost. However, its presence in consumer products raises serious concerns for individuals with dietary restrictions based on religious, ethical, or health considerations. In thi...
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International Association of Physical Chemists (IAPC)
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/JESE/article/view/2720 |
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| author | Irkham Irkham Fadli Taufik Abdillah Muhammad Ihda H. L. Zein Adisyahputra Nazwa Alya Zahra Salma Nur Zakiyyah Yeni Wahyuni Hartati |
| author_facet | Irkham Irkham Fadli Taufik Abdillah Muhammad Ihda H. L. Zein Adisyahputra Nazwa Alya Zahra Salma Nur Zakiyyah Yeni Wahyuni Hartati |
| author_sort | Irkham Irkham |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Porcine gelatin is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its favorable functional properties and low cost. However, its presence in consumer products raises serious concerns for individuals with dietary restrictions based on religious, ethical, or health considerations. In this study, a label-free electrochemical immunosensor was developed using a boron-doped diamond electrode modified with aryl diazonium salt for the selective and sensitive detection of porcine gelatin. The diazonium electrografting enabled stable covalent immobilization of anti-porcine gelatin antibodies via protein A, preserving antibody orientation and activity. Experimental parameters were optimized using the Box-Behnken design, yielding ideal conditions of 500× antibody concentration, 60 min antibody incubation, and 15 min gelatin incubation. Detection was performed using differential pulse voltammetry with [Fe(CN)₆]3-/4- as a redox probe, allowing label-free monitoring of antibody-antigen interactions based on changes in current. The immunosensor demonstrated excellent analytical performance, with a detection limit of 142.15 pg mL-1. Specificity testing confirmed that the sensor responds exclusively to porcine gelatin, showing no cross-reactivity with bovine gelatin. These results demonstrate that the proposed immunosensor provides a rapid, highly sensitive, and specific platform for porcine gelatin detection, offering great potential for food authentication and halal verification.
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| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d521316bb73e42a69ed2b9ee322a9685 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1847-9286 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | International Association of Physical Chemists (IAPC) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-d521316bb73e42a69ed2b9ee322a96852025-08-20T02:21:14ZengInternational Association of Physical Chemists (IAPC)Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering1847-92862025-06-0110.5599/jese.2720Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for porcine gelatin using a boron-doped diamond electrode via diazonium salt electrograftingIrkham Irkham0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9938-2931Fadli Taufik Abdillah1https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4596-6063Muhammad Ihda H. L. Zein2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6656-7315Adisyahputra3https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8866-2857Nazwa Alya Zahra4https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0326-2358Salma Nur Zakiyyah5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0985-5980Yeni Wahyuni Hartati6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1463-6352Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia and Study Center of Sensor and Green Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, IndonesiaStudy Center of Sensor and Green Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, ItalyDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Universitas Bangka Belitung, Merawang Bangka, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia and Study Center of Sensor and Green Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 40132, IndonesiaPorcine gelatin is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its favorable functional properties and low cost. However, its presence in consumer products raises serious concerns for individuals with dietary restrictions based on religious, ethical, or health considerations. In this study, a label-free electrochemical immunosensor was developed using a boron-doped diamond electrode modified with aryl diazonium salt for the selective and sensitive detection of porcine gelatin. The diazonium electrografting enabled stable covalent immobilization of anti-porcine gelatin antibodies via protein A, preserving antibody orientation and activity. Experimental parameters were optimized using the Box-Behnken design, yielding ideal conditions of 500× antibody concentration, 60 min antibody incubation, and 15 min gelatin incubation. Detection was performed using differential pulse voltammetry with [Fe(CN)₆]3-/4- as a redox probe, allowing label-free monitoring of antibody-antigen interactions based on changes in current. The immunosensor demonstrated excellent analytical performance, with a detection limit of 142.15 pg mL-1. Specificity testing confirmed that the sensor responds exclusively to porcine gelatin, showing no cross-reactivity with bovine gelatin. These results demonstrate that the proposed immunosensor provides a rapid, highly sensitive, and specific platform for porcine gelatin detection, offering great potential for food authentication and halal verification. https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/JESE/article/view/2720Modified diamond electrodediazonium derived filmpork skin gelatinfood authentication |
| spellingShingle | Irkham Irkham Fadli Taufik Abdillah Muhammad Ihda H. L. Zein Adisyahputra Nazwa Alya Zahra Salma Nur Zakiyyah Yeni Wahyuni Hartati Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for porcine gelatin using a boron-doped diamond electrode via diazonium salt electrografting Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering Modified diamond electrode diazonium derived film pork skin gelatin food authentication |
| title | Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for porcine gelatin using a boron-doped diamond electrode via diazonium salt electrografting |
| title_full | Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for porcine gelatin using a boron-doped diamond electrode via diazonium salt electrografting |
| title_fullStr | Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for porcine gelatin using a boron-doped diamond electrode via diazonium salt electrografting |
| title_full_unstemmed | Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for porcine gelatin using a boron-doped diamond electrode via diazonium salt electrografting |
| title_short | Label-free electrochemical immunosensor for porcine gelatin using a boron-doped diamond electrode via diazonium salt electrografting |
| title_sort | label free electrochemical immunosensor for porcine gelatin using a boron doped diamond electrode via diazonium salt electrografting |
| topic | Modified diamond electrode diazonium derived film pork skin gelatin food authentication |
| url | https://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/JESE/article/view/2720 |
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