Animal Brucellosis in Egypt: Review on Evolution, Epidemiological Situation, Prevalent <i>Brucella</i> Strains, Genetic Diversity, and Assessment of Implemented National Control Measures
Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease that has a significant economic and public health impact, especially in endemic countries. This review delves deeply into brucellosis’s current epidemiological situation and potential sources of livestock infection in Egypt during the last two decades. MLV...
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2025-01-01
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| author | Ahmed M. S. Menshawy Acacia Ferreira Vicente Yamen M. Hegazy Vitomir Djokic Mahmoud E. R. Hamdy Luca Freddi Essam M. Elbauomy Ashraf E. Sayour Claire Ponsart Nour H. Abdel-Hamid |
| author_facet | Ahmed M. S. Menshawy Acacia Ferreira Vicente Yamen M. Hegazy Vitomir Djokic Mahmoud E. R. Hamdy Luca Freddi Essam M. Elbauomy Ashraf E. Sayour Claire Ponsart Nour H. Abdel-Hamid |
| author_sort | Ahmed M. S. Menshawy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease that has a significant economic and public health impact, especially in endemic countries. This review delves deeply into brucellosis’s current epidemiological situation and potential sources of livestock infection in Egypt during the last two decades. MLVA-16 and Whole Genome Sequencing based on core-genome SNP analyses confirm the presence of different <i>B. abortus</i> and <i>B. melitensis</i> outbreak strains, both older widely disseminated <i>Brucella</i> strains and newly introduced ones. Despite implementing the test-and-slaughter control strategy over forty years, the disease is still endemic, and different <i>Brucella</i> species circulate among several animal species. The raising of mixed animal species in the same households or farms, exposure to aborted animals, and lack of public awareness about brucellosis transmission are among the main risk factors for increasing livestock brucellosis prevalence in Egypt. Young animals’ voluntary vaccination, lack of a nationwide animal identification system, and uncontrolled animal movement stand beyond the ineffectively applied control strategy and may be subdued by applying mass vaccination to decrease disease prevalence dramatically and target imported camels, domestic pigs, and dogs (housed and stray) in the national control surveillance. Increasing awareness through educational campaigns is compulsory to reduce brucellosis transmission risk to livestock/humans. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d31bc10031f94e2da5ccade2b9d67280 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-d31bc10031f94e2da5ccade2b9d672802025-01-24T13:42:55ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-01-0113117010.3390/microorganisms13010170Animal Brucellosis in Egypt: Review on Evolution, Epidemiological Situation, Prevalent <i>Brucella</i> Strains, Genetic Diversity, and Assessment of Implemented National Control MeasuresAhmed M. S. Menshawy0Acacia Ferreira Vicente1Yamen M. Hegazy2Vitomir Djokic3Mahmoud E. R. Hamdy4Luca Freddi5Essam M. Elbauomy6Ashraf E. Sayour7Claire Ponsart8Nour H. Abdel-Hamid9Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, EgyptWOAH/EU & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, ANSES/Paris-Est University, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, FranceDepartment of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, EgyptWOAH/EU & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, ANSES/Paris-Est University, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, FranceWOAH Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Department of Brucellosis Research, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Giza, Cairo 12618, EgyptWOAH/EU & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, ANSES/Paris-Est University, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, FranceWOAH Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Department of Brucellosis Research, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Giza, Cairo 12618, EgyptWOAH Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Department of Brucellosis Research, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Giza, Cairo 12618, EgyptWOAH/EU & National Reference Laboratory for Animal Brucellosis, ANSES/Paris-Est University, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, FranceWOAH Reference Laboratory for Brucellosis, Department of Brucellosis Research, Agricultural Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 264-Giza, Cairo 12618, EgyptBrucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease that has a significant economic and public health impact, especially in endemic countries. This review delves deeply into brucellosis’s current epidemiological situation and potential sources of livestock infection in Egypt during the last two decades. MLVA-16 and Whole Genome Sequencing based on core-genome SNP analyses confirm the presence of different <i>B. abortus</i> and <i>B. melitensis</i> outbreak strains, both older widely disseminated <i>Brucella</i> strains and newly introduced ones. Despite implementing the test-and-slaughter control strategy over forty years, the disease is still endemic, and different <i>Brucella</i> species circulate among several animal species. The raising of mixed animal species in the same households or farms, exposure to aborted animals, and lack of public awareness about brucellosis transmission are among the main risk factors for increasing livestock brucellosis prevalence in Egypt. Young animals’ voluntary vaccination, lack of a nationwide animal identification system, and uncontrolled animal movement stand beyond the ineffectively applied control strategy and may be subdued by applying mass vaccination to decrease disease prevalence dramatically and target imported camels, domestic pigs, and dogs (housed and stray) in the national control surveillance. Increasing awareness through educational campaigns is compulsory to reduce brucellosis transmission risk to livestock/humans.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/170brucellosiscontrolEgyptlivestockMLVA16prevalence |
| spellingShingle | Ahmed M. S. Menshawy Acacia Ferreira Vicente Yamen M. Hegazy Vitomir Djokic Mahmoud E. R. Hamdy Luca Freddi Essam M. Elbauomy Ashraf E. Sayour Claire Ponsart Nour H. Abdel-Hamid Animal Brucellosis in Egypt: Review on Evolution, Epidemiological Situation, Prevalent <i>Brucella</i> Strains, Genetic Diversity, and Assessment of Implemented National Control Measures Microorganisms brucellosis control Egypt livestock MLVA16 prevalence |
| title | Animal Brucellosis in Egypt: Review on Evolution, Epidemiological Situation, Prevalent <i>Brucella</i> Strains, Genetic Diversity, and Assessment of Implemented National Control Measures |
| title_full | Animal Brucellosis in Egypt: Review on Evolution, Epidemiological Situation, Prevalent <i>Brucella</i> Strains, Genetic Diversity, and Assessment of Implemented National Control Measures |
| title_fullStr | Animal Brucellosis in Egypt: Review on Evolution, Epidemiological Situation, Prevalent <i>Brucella</i> Strains, Genetic Diversity, and Assessment of Implemented National Control Measures |
| title_full_unstemmed | Animal Brucellosis in Egypt: Review on Evolution, Epidemiological Situation, Prevalent <i>Brucella</i> Strains, Genetic Diversity, and Assessment of Implemented National Control Measures |
| title_short | Animal Brucellosis in Egypt: Review on Evolution, Epidemiological Situation, Prevalent <i>Brucella</i> Strains, Genetic Diversity, and Assessment of Implemented National Control Measures |
| title_sort | animal brucellosis in egypt review on evolution epidemiological situation prevalent i brucella i strains genetic diversity and assessment of implemented national control measures |
| topic | brucellosis control Egypt livestock MLVA16 prevalence |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/1/170 |
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