Within-host dynamics of HTLV-2 and HIV-1 co-infection with delay
This paper formulates a mathematical model for the co-infection of HTLV-2 and HIV-1 with latent reservoirs, four types of distributed-time delays and HIV-1-specific B cells. We establish that the solutions remain bounded and nonnegative, identify the system's steady states, and derive sufficien...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Taylor & Francis Group
2025-12-01
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| Series: | Journal of Biological Dynamics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17513758.2025.2506536 |
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| author | A. M. Elaiw E. A. Almohaimeed |
| author_facet | A. M. Elaiw E. A. Almohaimeed |
| author_sort | A. M. Elaiw |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper formulates a mathematical model for the co-infection of HTLV-2 and HIV-1 with latent reservoirs, four types of distributed-time delays and HIV-1-specific B cells. We establish that the solutions remain bounded and nonnegative, identify the system's steady states, and derive sufficient conditions ensuring both their existence and global asymptotic stability. The system's global stability is confirmed using Lyapunov's method. We provide numerical simulations to support the stability results. Sensitivity analysis of basic reproduction numbers of HTLV-2 mono-infection ([Formula: see text]) and HIV-1 mono-infection ([Formula: see text]) is conducted. We examine how time delays influence the interaction between HIV-1 and HTLV-2. Including delay terms in the model reflects the influence of antiviral treatments, which help decrease [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], thus limiting the spread of infection. This highlights the potential for designing therapies that prolong delay period. Incorporating such delays improves model precision and supports more effective evaluation of treatment strategies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d21371902dcf4f11be73bac1889eba02 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1751-3758 1751-3766 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Biological Dynamics |
| spelling | doaj-art-d21371902dcf4f11be73bac1889eba022025-08-20T01:55:32ZengTaylor & Francis GroupJournal of Biological Dynamics1751-37581751-37662025-12-0119110.1080/17513758.2025.2506536Within-host dynamics of HTLV-2 and HIV-1 co-infection with delayA. M. Elaiw0E. A. Almohaimeed1Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaThis paper formulates a mathematical model for the co-infection of HTLV-2 and HIV-1 with latent reservoirs, four types of distributed-time delays and HIV-1-specific B cells. We establish that the solutions remain bounded and nonnegative, identify the system's steady states, and derive sufficient conditions ensuring both their existence and global asymptotic stability. The system's global stability is confirmed using Lyapunov's method. We provide numerical simulations to support the stability results. Sensitivity analysis of basic reproduction numbers of HTLV-2 mono-infection ([Formula: see text]) and HIV-1 mono-infection ([Formula: see text]) is conducted. We examine how time delays influence the interaction between HIV-1 and HTLV-2. Including delay terms in the model reflects the influence of antiviral treatments, which help decrease [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], thus limiting the spread of infection. This highlights the potential for designing therapies that prolong delay period. Incorporating such delays improves model precision and supports more effective evaluation of treatment strategies.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17513758.2025.2506536Co-infectionHIV-1HTLV-2time delayglobal stabilityLyapunov function |
| spellingShingle | A. M. Elaiw E. A. Almohaimeed Within-host dynamics of HTLV-2 and HIV-1 co-infection with delay Journal of Biological Dynamics Co-infection HIV-1 HTLV-2 time delay global stability Lyapunov function |
| title | Within-host dynamics of HTLV-2 and HIV-1 co-infection with delay |
| title_full | Within-host dynamics of HTLV-2 and HIV-1 co-infection with delay |
| title_fullStr | Within-host dynamics of HTLV-2 and HIV-1 co-infection with delay |
| title_full_unstemmed | Within-host dynamics of HTLV-2 and HIV-1 co-infection with delay |
| title_short | Within-host dynamics of HTLV-2 and HIV-1 co-infection with delay |
| title_sort | within host dynamics of htlv 2 and hiv 1 co infection with delay |
| topic | Co-infection HIV-1 HTLV-2 time delay global stability Lyapunov function |
| url | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17513758.2025.2506536 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT amelaiw withinhostdynamicsofhtlv2andhiv1coinfectionwithdelay AT eaalmohaimeed withinhostdynamicsofhtlv2andhiv1coinfectionwithdelay |