The Impact of HIV on B Cell Compartment and Its Implications for COVID-19 Vaccinations in People with HIV
HIV causes intense polyclonal activation of B cells, resulting in increased numbers of spontaneously antibody-secreting cells in the circulation and hypergammaglobulinemia. It is accompanied by significant perturbations in various B cell subsets, such as increased frequencies of immature/transitiona...
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2024-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1372 |
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| author | Lixing Wang Branka Vulesevic MariaLuisa Vigano Alia As’sadiq Kristina Kang Cristina Fernandez Suzanne Samarani Aslam H. Anis Ali Ahmad Cecilia T. Costiniuk |
| author_facet | Lixing Wang Branka Vulesevic MariaLuisa Vigano Alia As’sadiq Kristina Kang Cristina Fernandez Suzanne Samarani Aslam H. Anis Ali Ahmad Cecilia T. Costiniuk |
| author_sort | Lixing Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | HIV causes intense polyclonal activation of B cells, resulting in increased numbers of spontaneously antibody-secreting cells in the circulation and hypergammaglobulinemia. It is accompanied by significant perturbations in various B cell subsets, such as increased frequencies of immature/transitional B cells, activated memory B cells, atypical memory B cells, short-lived plasmablasts and regulatory B cells, as well as by decreased frequencies of resting memory and resting naïve B cells. Furthermore, both memory and antigen-inexperienced naïve B cells show exhausted and immune-senescent phenotypes. HIV also drives the expansion and functional impairment of CD4<sup>+</sup> T follicular helper cells, which provide help to B cells, crucial for the generation of germinal center reactions and production of long-lived plasma and memory B cells. By suppressing viral replication, anti-retroviral therapy reverses the virus-induced perturbations and functional defects, albeit inadequately. Due to HIV’s lingering impact on B cells, immune senescence and residual chronic inflammation, people with HIV (PWH), especially immune non-responders, are immunocompromised and mount suboptimal antibody responses to vaccination for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we review how functionally and phenotypically distinct B cell subsets are induced in response to a vaccine and an infection and how HIV infection and anti-retroviral therapy (ART) impact them. We also review the role played by HIV-induced defects and perturbations in B cells in the induction of humoral immune responses to currently used anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in PWH on ART. We also outline different strategies that could potentially enhance the vaccine-induced antibody responses in PWH. The review will provide guidance and impetus for further research to improve the immunogenicity of these vaccines in this human population. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ce858771f7e94f85b11ca17d4dbc5b6e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj-art-ce858771f7e94f85b11ca17d4dbc5b6e2024-12-27T14:58:01ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2024-12-011212137210.3390/vaccines12121372The Impact of HIV on B Cell Compartment and Its Implications for COVID-19 Vaccinations in People with HIVLixing Wang0Branka Vulesevic1MariaLuisa Vigano2Alia As’sadiq3Kristina Kang4Cristina Fernandez5Suzanne Samarani6Aslam H. Anis7Ali Ahmad8Cecilia T. Costiniuk9Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, CanadaInfectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaInfectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaInfectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaInfectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, CanadaInfectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaCentre for Advancing Health Outcomes Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, CanadaCentre de Recherche, Hôpital Ste Justine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, CanadaInfectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, CanadaHIV causes intense polyclonal activation of B cells, resulting in increased numbers of spontaneously antibody-secreting cells in the circulation and hypergammaglobulinemia. It is accompanied by significant perturbations in various B cell subsets, such as increased frequencies of immature/transitional B cells, activated memory B cells, atypical memory B cells, short-lived plasmablasts and regulatory B cells, as well as by decreased frequencies of resting memory and resting naïve B cells. Furthermore, both memory and antigen-inexperienced naïve B cells show exhausted and immune-senescent phenotypes. HIV also drives the expansion and functional impairment of CD4<sup>+</sup> T follicular helper cells, which provide help to B cells, crucial for the generation of germinal center reactions and production of long-lived plasma and memory B cells. By suppressing viral replication, anti-retroviral therapy reverses the virus-induced perturbations and functional defects, albeit inadequately. Due to HIV’s lingering impact on B cells, immune senescence and residual chronic inflammation, people with HIV (PWH), especially immune non-responders, are immunocompromised and mount suboptimal antibody responses to vaccination for SARS-CoV-2. Here, we review how functionally and phenotypically distinct B cell subsets are induced in response to a vaccine and an infection and how HIV infection and anti-retroviral therapy (ART) impact them. We also review the role played by HIV-induced defects and perturbations in B cells in the induction of humoral immune responses to currently used anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in PWH on ART. We also outline different strategies that could potentially enhance the vaccine-induced antibody responses in PWH. The review will provide guidance and impetus for further research to improve the immunogenicity of these vaccines in this human population.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1372anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccinesARTB cellsCOVID-19HIVPWH |
| spellingShingle | Lixing Wang Branka Vulesevic MariaLuisa Vigano Alia As’sadiq Kristina Kang Cristina Fernandez Suzanne Samarani Aslam H. Anis Ali Ahmad Cecilia T. Costiniuk The Impact of HIV on B Cell Compartment and Its Implications for COVID-19 Vaccinations in People with HIV Vaccines anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines ART B cells COVID-19 HIV PWH |
| title | The Impact of HIV on B Cell Compartment and Its Implications for COVID-19 Vaccinations in People with HIV |
| title_full | The Impact of HIV on B Cell Compartment and Its Implications for COVID-19 Vaccinations in People with HIV |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of HIV on B Cell Compartment and Its Implications for COVID-19 Vaccinations in People with HIV |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of HIV on B Cell Compartment and Its Implications for COVID-19 Vaccinations in People with HIV |
| title_short | The Impact of HIV on B Cell Compartment and Its Implications for COVID-19 Vaccinations in People with HIV |
| title_sort | impact of hiv on b cell compartment and its implications for covid 19 vaccinations in people with hiv |
| topic | anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines ART B cells COVID-19 HIV PWH |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1372 |
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