<i>Nymphoides peltata</i> Alleviates Patulin-Induced Glutamine Metabolic Stress and Epithelial Toxicity in Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin commonly found in fruits and contaminated feedstuffs, known for its gastrointestinal and systemic toxicity. However, the mechanisms underlying PAT-induced damage to intestinal epithelial cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that 6.5 µM PAT expos...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/7/337 |
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| Summary: | Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin commonly found in fruits and contaminated feedstuffs, known for its gastrointestinal and systemic toxicity. However, the mechanisms underlying PAT-induced damage to intestinal epithelial cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that 6.5 µM PAT exposure for 24 h reduced glutamine (GLN) uptake and altered the expression of GLN transporters and related metabolic enzymes in IPEC-J2 cells. This concentration was selected based on previous in vitro studies that reported PAT-induced cytotoxicity in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Moreover, PAT also upregulated ER stress markers (<i>DDIT3</i>, <i>EIF2AK3</i>, <i>ERN1</i>, and <i>HSPA5</i>) and inflammatory cytokines (<i>IL-8</i>, <i>IL-1β</i>, and <i>TNF-α</i>), while decreasing ZO-1 localization, indicating disrupted epithelial barrier integrity. Although 6 mM GLN supplementation only partially mediated ER stress and inflammatory responses, it more effectively restored ZO-1 localization. A high-throughput screening of 324 natural products was conducted to identify potential protective agents, identifying <i>Nymphoides peltata</i> extract as a promising candidate. Co-treatment with 80 ng/μL <i>N. peltata</i> extract improved GLN uptake, partially alleviated ER stress and inflammation, and significantly restored tight junction structure in PAT-exposed cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that <i>N. peltata</i> could serve as a novel natural therapeutic for enhancing intestinal resilience against PAT-induced toxicity. Specifically, this study highlights the potential use of <i>N. peltata</i> extract as a natural feed additive to protect intestinal health in livestock under mycotoxin stress. |
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| ISSN: | 2072-6651 |