The perpetration of on- and offline hate speech among secondary school students
This study analyses the relationships between witnessing and perpetrating hate speech, both on- and offline. It is based on data extracted from a purpose-designed questionnaire answered by a total of 571 secondary school students in Almería. We used SPSS software to analyse the data collected, emplo...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-08-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Human Dynamics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fhumd.2025.1632091/full |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1849685070592344064 |
|---|---|
| author | Juan Manuel Bellido Cáceres Pilar Rodríguez Martínez Joaquín Jaime Sánchez Espinosa Lucía Martínez Joya |
| author_facet | Juan Manuel Bellido Cáceres Pilar Rodríguez Martínez Joaquín Jaime Sánchez Espinosa Lucía Martínez Joya |
| author_sort | Juan Manuel Bellido Cáceres |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study analyses the relationships between witnessing and perpetrating hate speech, both on- and offline. It is based on data extracted from a purpose-designed questionnaire answered by a total of 571 secondary school students in Almería. We used SPSS software to analyse the data collected, employing statistical analysis techniques that included binary logistic regression, and chi-square and omnibus tests of model coefficients to determine consistency. The relationships between hate speech in both environments point to an escalation of violence and transference between online and in-person aggressions. Also evident is the influence of close social environments, such as violence in schools. When a student suffers hate speech in either environment, the likelihood of them going on to perpetrate hate speech increases significantly. We conclude that the perpetration of hate speech, both on- and offline, is explained by students having witnessed or suffered in-person hate speech; having seen or heard hate speech online; and, above all, having suffered hate speech online. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c2f34177f2d04a0792e9e8d5207e9171 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2673-2726 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Human Dynamics |
| spelling | doaj-art-c2f34177f2d04a0792e9e8d5207e91712025-08-20T03:23:16ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Human Dynamics2673-27262025-08-01710.3389/fhumd.2025.16320911632091The perpetration of on- and offline hate speech among secondary school studentsJuan Manuel Bellido Cáceres0Pilar Rodríguez Martínez1Joaquín Jaime Sánchez Espinosa2Lucía Martínez Joya3Department of Education, Universidad de Almería, Almería, SpainDepartment of Geography, History and Humanities, Universidad de Almería, Almería, SpainDepartment of Psychology, Universidad de Almería, Almería, SpainDepartment of Geography, History and Humanities, Universidad de Almería, Almería, SpainThis study analyses the relationships between witnessing and perpetrating hate speech, both on- and offline. It is based on data extracted from a purpose-designed questionnaire answered by a total of 571 secondary school students in Almería. We used SPSS software to analyse the data collected, employing statistical analysis techniques that included binary logistic regression, and chi-square and omnibus tests of model coefficients to determine consistency. The relationships between hate speech in both environments point to an escalation of violence and transference between online and in-person aggressions. Also evident is the influence of close social environments, such as violence in schools. When a student suffers hate speech in either environment, the likelihood of them going on to perpetrate hate speech increases significantly. We conclude that the perpetration of hate speech, both on- and offline, is explained by students having witnessed or suffered in-person hate speech; having seen or heard hate speech online; and, above all, having suffered hate speech online.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fhumd.2025.1632091/fullsocial mediasocial problemsschool community relationshiphate speechsecondary school students |
| spellingShingle | Juan Manuel Bellido Cáceres Pilar Rodríguez Martínez Joaquín Jaime Sánchez Espinosa Lucía Martínez Joya The perpetration of on- and offline hate speech among secondary school students Frontiers in Human Dynamics social media social problems school community relationship hate speech secondary school students |
| title | The perpetration of on- and offline hate speech among secondary school students |
| title_full | The perpetration of on- and offline hate speech among secondary school students |
| title_fullStr | The perpetration of on- and offline hate speech among secondary school students |
| title_full_unstemmed | The perpetration of on- and offline hate speech among secondary school students |
| title_short | The perpetration of on- and offline hate speech among secondary school students |
| title_sort | perpetration of on and offline hate speech among secondary school students |
| topic | social media social problems school community relationship hate speech secondary school students |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fhumd.2025.1632091/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT juanmanuelbellidocaceres theperpetrationofonandofflinehatespeechamongsecondaryschoolstudents AT pilarrodriguezmartinez theperpetrationofonandofflinehatespeechamongsecondaryschoolstudents AT joaquinjaimesanchezespinosa theperpetrationofonandofflinehatespeechamongsecondaryschoolstudents AT luciamartinezjoya theperpetrationofonandofflinehatespeechamongsecondaryschoolstudents AT juanmanuelbellidocaceres perpetrationofonandofflinehatespeechamongsecondaryschoolstudents AT pilarrodriguezmartinez perpetrationofonandofflinehatespeechamongsecondaryschoolstudents AT joaquinjaimesanchezespinosa perpetrationofonandofflinehatespeechamongsecondaryschoolstudents AT luciamartinezjoya perpetrationofonandofflinehatespeechamongsecondaryschoolstudents |