A Genome-wide study on the genetic and causal effects of smoking in neurodegeneration

Abstract Background Smoking represents the largest preventable risk factor for human health, yet previous studies have failed to establish conclusive evidence regarding the causal relationship between smoking and neurodegenerative diseases. This study employs genetic correlation and Mendelian random...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Chaochao Chen, Shouqiang Zhu, Zhiying Zheng, Xiahao Ding, Weihai Shi, Tianjiao Xia, Xiaoping Gu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:Journal of Translational Medicine
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-025-06688-9
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