Spatiotemporal Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease and Evaluation of the Heterologous Goatpox Vaccine: Insights into Immunogenicity and Impact
<b>Background:</b> Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is major transboundary disease affecting cattle and water buffaloes, indirectly causing huge socio-economic losses. Following its first outbreak in India in 2019, the heterologous Goatpox (Uttarkashi strain) vaccine mitigated LSD. <b>Obje...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| author | Manjunatha Reddy Gundallahalli Bayyappa Sai Mounica Pabbineedi Sudeep Nagaraj Shraddha Bijalwan Sunil Tadakod Chandana Ramesh Uma Sanjay Pawar Pathan Yahaya Khan Vijay Kumar Teotia Baldev Raj Gulati |
| author_facet | Manjunatha Reddy Gundallahalli Bayyappa Sai Mounica Pabbineedi Sudeep Nagaraj Shraddha Bijalwan Sunil Tadakod Chandana Ramesh Uma Sanjay Pawar Pathan Yahaya Khan Vijay Kumar Teotia Baldev Raj Gulati |
| author_sort | Manjunatha Reddy Gundallahalli Bayyappa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background:</b> Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is major transboundary disease affecting cattle and water buffaloes, indirectly causing huge socio-economic losses. Following its first outbreak in India in 2019, the heterologous Goatpox (Uttarkashi strain) vaccine mitigated LSD. <b>Objective:</b> Due to limited data on the spatiotemporal distribution of the disease, this study investigates its dynamics and presents findings from a field study conducted in Maharashtra, India. This study evaluates the safety, immunogenicity, and duration of immunity provided by a heterologous vaccine. Additionally, it examines post-vaccination responses in relation to factors such as age, gender, and breed. <b>Methods</b>: This study employed spatiotemporal analysis of lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks from 2020 to 2024 using GeoDa (v1.22), incorporating Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics to identify spatial clustering patterns. A randomized field trial was conducted to evaluate vaccine safety and immunogenicity in 657 cattle across seven districts. Humoral immune responses were assessed using the serum neutralization test (SNT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while cell-mediated immunity was evaluated via Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) ELISA. For sero-monitoring, a total of 1925 serum samples from 22 districts were analyzed. Additionally, statistical analyses (<i>n</i> = 1925), including the Kappa Index, ANOVA, and logistic regression, were performed using SPSS v27 to investigate the influence of factors such as age, sex, and breed (significance level: <i>p</i> < 0.05). <b>Results:</b> LSD exhibited significant spatial clustering across Maharashtra. The Goatpox vaccine was 100% safe, with no adverse reactions. Protective antibody titers (≥1:8) were observed in 96.9% of vaccinated cattle by 14–21 days post-vaccination (dpv), peaking at 60 dpv before declining at 150 dpv. The cell-mediated immune response peaked at 28 dpv. Clinical monitoring for one year showed that only 2% of vaccinated cattle developed mild LSD symptoms after nine months, with no mortality. At six months post-vaccination, seroconversion was 69.7%, with breed significantly influencing seropositivity. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study confirms the Goatpox vaccine’s safety and strong immunogenicity in cattle, marking its first large-scale evaluation in the Indian subcontinent. Further research is needed to assess long-term immunity and protection against virulent LSD strains. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-bf7e2871aa684f1a8585347936c1cc37 |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-bf7e2871aa684f1a8585347936c1cc372025-08-20T02:21:58ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2025-06-0113664110.3390/vaccines13060641Spatiotemporal Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease and Evaluation of the Heterologous Goatpox Vaccine: Insights into Immunogenicity and ImpactManjunatha Reddy Gundallahalli Bayyappa0Sai Mounica Pabbineedi1Sudeep Nagaraj2Shraddha Bijalwan3Sunil Tadakod4Chandana Ramesh Uma5Sanjay Pawar6Pathan Yahaya Khan7Vijay Kumar Teotia8Baldev Raj Gulati9ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, IndiaICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, IndiaICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, IndiaICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, IndiaICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, IndiaICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, IndiaWestern Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, State Level Animal Disease Investigation Laboratory, Aundh, Pune 411067, IndiaWestern Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, State Level Animal Disease Investigation Laboratory, Aundh, Pune 411067, IndiaDepartment of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, New Delhi 110001, IndiaICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru 560064, India<b>Background:</b> Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is major transboundary disease affecting cattle and water buffaloes, indirectly causing huge socio-economic losses. Following its first outbreak in India in 2019, the heterologous Goatpox (Uttarkashi strain) vaccine mitigated LSD. <b>Objective:</b> Due to limited data on the spatiotemporal distribution of the disease, this study investigates its dynamics and presents findings from a field study conducted in Maharashtra, India. This study evaluates the safety, immunogenicity, and duration of immunity provided by a heterologous vaccine. Additionally, it examines post-vaccination responses in relation to factors such as age, gender, and breed. <b>Methods</b>: This study employed spatiotemporal analysis of lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks from 2020 to 2024 using GeoDa (v1.22), incorporating Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics to identify spatial clustering patterns. A randomized field trial was conducted to evaluate vaccine safety and immunogenicity in 657 cattle across seven districts. Humoral immune responses were assessed using the serum neutralization test (SNT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while cell-mediated immunity was evaluated via Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) ELISA. For sero-monitoring, a total of 1925 serum samples from 22 districts were analyzed. Additionally, statistical analyses (<i>n</i> = 1925), including the Kappa Index, ANOVA, and logistic regression, were performed using SPSS v27 to investigate the influence of factors such as age, sex, and breed (significance level: <i>p</i> < 0.05). <b>Results:</b> LSD exhibited significant spatial clustering across Maharashtra. The Goatpox vaccine was 100% safe, with no adverse reactions. Protective antibody titers (≥1:8) were observed in 96.9% of vaccinated cattle by 14–21 days post-vaccination (dpv), peaking at 60 dpv before declining at 150 dpv. The cell-mediated immune response peaked at 28 dpv. Clinical monitoring for one year showed that only 2% of vaccinated cattle developed mild LSD symptoms after nine months, with no mortality. At six months post-vaccination, seroconversion was 69.7%, with breed significantly influencing seropositivity. <b>Conclusions:</b> This study confirms the Goatpox vaccine’s safety and strong immunogenicity in cattle, marking its first large-scale evaluation in the Indian subcontinent. Further research is needed to assess long-term immunity and protection against virulent LSD strains.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/6/641cell-mediated immune responsehumoral immune responseimmunogenicitylumpy skin diseasespatial analysistemporal analysis |
| spellingShingle | Manjunatha Reddy Gundallahalli Bayyappa Sai Mounica Pabbineedi Sudeep Nagaraj Shraddha Bijalwan Sunil Tadakod Chandana Ramesh Uma Sanjay Pawar Pathan Yahaya Khan Vijay Kumar Teotia Baldev Raj Gulati Spatiotemporal Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease and Evaluation of the Heterologous Goatpox Vaccine: Insights into Immunogenicity and Impact Vaccines cell-mediated immune response humoral immune response immunogenicity lumpy skin disease spatial analysis temporal analysis |
| title | Spatiotemporal Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease and Evaluation of the Heterologous Goatpox Vaccine: Insights into Immunogenicity and Impact |
| title_full | Spatiotemporal Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease and Evaluation of the Heterologous Goatpox Vaccine: Insights into Immunogenicity and Impact |
| title_fullStr | Spatiotemporal Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease and Evaluation of the Heterologous Goatpox Vaccine: Insights into Immunogenicity and Impact |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatiotemporal Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease and Evaluation of the Heterologous Goatpox Vaccine: Insights into Immunogenicity and Impact |
| title_short | Spatiotemporal Epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease and Evaluation of the Heterologous Goatpox Vaccine: Insights into Immunogenicity and Impact |
| title_sort | spatiotemporal epidemiology of lumpy skin disease and evaluation of the heterologous goatpox vaccine insights into immunogenicity and impact |
| topic | cell-mediated immune response humoral immune response immunogenicity lumpy skin disease spatial analysis temporal analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/6/641 |
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