Dissecting the causal effects of smoking, alcohol consumption, and related DNA methylation markers on electrocardiographic indices
Abstract Background Tobacco and alcohol are recognized risk factors for heart disease, yet their causal effects on electrocardiogram (ECG) signaling and mechanisms remain unclear. Previous studies may be susceptible to confounding or bias, and this study dissected the genetic architecture linking to...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Clinical Epigenetics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-025-01851-x |
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