Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Three Different Probiotics on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Microbiota in Grass Carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>)

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Three Different Probiotics on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Microbiota in Grass Carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>)

The growing demand for sustainable aquaculture has intensified research on probiotics as antibiotic alternatives. This study aims to evaluate the effects of three probiotic supplements—1 × 10<sup>10</sup> CFU/g of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (BS), <i>Clostridium butyricum&...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Wanjia Zhu, Yi Yi, Zhiwei Zou, Haipeng Li, Ting Liang, Qianhe Shi, Liwei Liu, Jianmei Su
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Microorganisms
Subjects:
<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>
<i>Clostridium butyricum</i>
<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>
antioxidant ability
gut microbiota
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/6/1222
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Summary:The growing demand for sustainable aquaculture has intensified research on probiotics as antibiotic alternatives. This study aims to evaluate the effects of three probiotic supplements—1 × 10<sup>10</sup> CFU/g of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (BS), <i>Clostridium butyricum</i> (CB), or <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> (EF)—on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, intestinal structure, and gut microbiota in grass carp (<i>Ctenopharyngodon idella</i>; initial body weight: 42.52 ± 4.17 g) for 28 d. Compared to the non-supplemented (NC) control group, all probiotic-supplemented groups significantly enhanced final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and crude protein content, and reduced feed conversion ratio (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Probiotic supplementation upregulated the intestinal <i>ctrb1</i> gene expression and increased villus length. Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity were elevated in the BS group, whereas only SOD was increased in the CB group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Gut microbiota analysis revealed reduced Proteobacteria abundance in all probiotic-supplemented groups. Compared with the NC group, the BS group enriched Bacteroidetes and <i>Prevotella_7</i>, while the CB group promoted the abundance of Actinobacteria, <i>Lactobacillus,</i> and <i>Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1</i>. The EF group increased the abundance of Fusobacteria, <i>Cetobacterium</i>, and <i>Bacteroides</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that dietary supplementation with probiotics enhances growth performance by modulating antioxidant responses, intestinal morphology, and microbial community balance.
ISSN:2076-2607

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