1D hydrogen engine modeling to investigate air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection effects on performance and emissions
Abstract This study presents a comprehensive 1D modeling and simulation of a hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine, focusing on the impacts of air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and water injection on performance and emissions. Using a single-cylinder BMW F650 GS engine as a baseline, simulations we...
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Nature Portfolio
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00952-0 |
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