Heisenberg-Limited Adaptive Gradient Estimation for Multiple Observables

In quantum mechanics, measuring the expectation value of a general observable has an inherent statistical uncertainty that is quantified by variance or mean squared error of measurement outcome. While the uncertainty can be reduced by averaging several samples, the number of samples should be minimi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Kaito Wada, Naoki Yamamoto, Nobuyuki Yoshioka
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: American Physical Society 2025-04-01
Series:PRX Quantum
Online Access:http://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.6.020308
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