Demystifying the cGAS-STING pathway: precision regulation in the tumor immune microenvironment

Demystifying the cGAS-STING pathway: precision regulation in the tumor immune microenvironment

Abstract The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway serves as an immune sentinel for cytosolic DNA, recognizing double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) derived from abnormally localized nuclear DNA or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and plays a pivotal role in innate...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Qingyang Wang, Yang Yu, Jing Zhuang, Ruijuan Liu, Changgang Sun
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-06-01
Series:Molecular Cancer
Subjects:
cGAS-STING pathway
Tumor immune microenvironment
Immune cells
Agonists
Combination therapy
“Double-edged sword” effect
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-025-02380-0
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Summary:Abstract The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway serves as an immune sentinel for cytosolic DNA, recognizing double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) derived from abnormally localized nuclear DNA or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and plays a pivotal role in innate immune responses and tumor immune surveillance. Conventional antitumor therapies induce genomic instability and mitochondrial stress, leading to the release of nuclear DNA and mtDNA into the cytosol, thereby activating the cGAS-STING pathway. This activation triggers the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which reshape the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). However, the complexity of TIME reveals a “double-edged sword” effect of cGAS-STING signaling: while it activates antitumor immune responses, it also promotes immune escape and metastasis through the regulation of immunosuppressive cells and stromal components. This review comprehensively delineates the differential regulatory mechanisms of the pathway within TIME constituents, highlighting its multifaceted roles in tumor immunity. Furthermore, it reviews recent advances and challenges in targeting the cGAS-STING pathway for cancer immunotherapy, with the aim of advancing cGAS-STING signaling modulation as a key therapeutic strategy to reprogram TIME and overcome immunosuppression in antitumor treatment.
ISSN:1476-4598

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