Enhancing the Drug Release and Physicochemical Properties of Rivaroxaban via Cyclodextrin Complexation: A Comprehensive Analytical Approach
<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Rivaroxaban, an oral anticoagulant, shows poor aqueous solubility, posing significant challenges to its bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency. The present study investigates the improvement of rivaroxaban’s solubility through the formation of different...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Cristina Solomon Valentina Anuța Iulian Sarbu Emma Adriana Ozon Adina Magdalena Musuc Veronica Bratan Adriana Rusu Vasile-Adrian Surdu Cătălin Croitoru Abhay Chandak Roxana Mariuca Gavriloaia Teodora Dalila Balaci Denisa Teodora Niță Mirela Adriana Mitu |
| author_facet | Cristina Solomon Valentina Anuța Iulian Sarbu Emma Adriana Ozon Adina Magdalena Musuc Veronica Bratan Adriana Rusu Vasile-Adrian Surdu Cătălin Croitoru Abhay Chandak Roxana Mariuca Gavriloaia Teodora Dalila Balaci Denisa Teodora Niță Mirela Adriana Mitu |
| author_sort | Cristina Solomon |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Rivaroxaban, an oral anticoagulant, shows poor aqueous solubility, posing significant challenges to its bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency. The present study investigates the improvement of rivaroxaban’s solubility through the formation of different inclusion complexes with three cyclodextrin derivatives, such as β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Me-β-CD), and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) prepared by lyophilization in order to stabilize the complexes and improve dissolution characteristics of rivaroxaban. <b>Methods</b>: The physicochemical properties of the individual compounds and the three lyophilized complexes were analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). <b>Results</b>: FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of non-covalent interactions between rivaroxaban and the cyclodextrins, suggesting successful encapsulation into cyclodextrin cavity. SEM images revealed a significant morphological transformation from the crystalline structure of pure rivaroxaban and cyclodextrins morphologies to a more porous and amorphous matrix in all lyophilized complexes. XRD patterns indicated a noticeable reduction in drug crystallinity, supporting enhanced potential of the drug solubility. TGA analysis demonstrated improved thermal stability in the inclusion complexes compared to the individual drug and cyclodextrins. Pharmacotechnical evaluation revealed that the obtained formulations (by comparison with physical mixtures formulations) possessed favorable bulk and tapped density values, suitable compressibility index, and good flow properties, making all suitable for direct compression into solid dosage forms. <b>Conclusions</b>: The improved cyclodextrins formulation characteristics, combined with enhanced dissolution profiles of rivaroxaban comparable to commercial Xarelto<sup>®</sup> 10 mg, highlight the potential of both cyclodextrin inclusion and lyophilization technique as synergistic strategies for enhancing the solubility and drug release of rivaroxaban. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-b3432799d53c4bd7b072a85eb4f41675 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1424-8247 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-b3432799d53c4bd7b072a85eb4f416752025-08-20T03:27:21ZengMDPI AGPharmaceuticals1424-82472025-05-0118676110.3390/ph18060761Enhancing the Drug Release and Physicochemical Properties of Rivaroxaban via Cyclodextrin Complexation: A Comprehensive Analytical ApproachCristina Solomon0Valentina Anuța1Iulian Sarbu2Emma Adriana Ozon3Adina Magdalena Musuc4Veronica Bratan5Adriana Rusu6Vasile-Adrian Surdu7Cătălin Croitoru8Abhay Chandak9Roxana Mariuca Gavriloaia10Teodora Dalila Balaci11Denisa Teodora Niță12Mirela Adriana Mitu13Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, RomaniaInnovative Therapeutic Structures Research and Development Centre (InnoTher), “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia Street, 020956 Bucharest, RomaniaFaculty of Pharmacy, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 004051 Bucharest, RomaniaFaculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, RomaniaInstitute of Physical Chemistry—Ilie Murgulescu, Romanian Academy, 060021 Bucharest, RomaniaInstitute of Physical Chemistry—Ilie Murgulescu, Romanian Academy, 060021 Bucharest, RomaniaInstitute of Physical Chemistry—Ilie Murgulescu, Romanian Academy, 060021 Bucharest, RomaniaDepartment of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, RomaniaMaterials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, RomaniaZentiva Group, U Kabelovny 529/16, 102 00 Praha-Dolní Měcholupy, Czech RepublicFaculty of Pharmacy, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 004051 Bucharest, RomaniaFaculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, RomaniaFaculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, RomaniaFaculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Traian Vuia St., 020956 Bucharest, Romania<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Rivaroxaban, an oral anticoagulant, shows poor aqueous solubility, posing significant challenges to its bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency. The present study investigates the improvement of rivaroxaban’s solubility through the formation of different inclusion complexes with three cyclodextrin derivatives, such as β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Me-β-CD), and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) prepared by lyophilization in order to stabilize the complexes and improve dissolution characteristics of rivaroxaban. <b>Methods</b>: The physicochemical properties of the individual compounds and the three lyophilized complexes were analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). <b>Results</b>: FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of non-covalent interactions between rivaroxaban and the cyclodextrins, suggesting successful encapsulation into cyclodextrin cavity. SEM images revealed a significant morphological transformation from the crystalline structure of pure rivaroxaban and cyclodextrins morphologies to a more porous and amorphous matrix in all lyophilized complexes. XRD patterns indicated a noticeable reduction in drug crystallinity, supporting enhanced potential of the drug solubility. TGA analysis demonstrated improved thermal stability in the inclusion complexes compared to the individual drug and cyclodextrins. Pharmacotechnical evaluation revealed that the obtained formulations (by comparison with physical mixtures formulations) possessed favorable bulk and tapped density values, suitable compressibility index, and good flow properties, making all suitable for direct compression into solid dosage forms. <b>Conclusions</b>: The improved cyclodextrins formulation characteristics, combined with enhanced dissolution profiles of rivaroxaban comparable to commercial Xarelto<sup>®</sup> 10 mg, highlight the potential of both cyclodextrin inclusion and lyophilization technique as synergistic strategies for enhancing the solubility and drug release of rivaroxaban.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/6/761rivaroxabanβ-cyclodextrinmethyl-β-cyclodextrinhydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrinsolubility enhancementpharmaceutical formulation |
| spellingShingle | Cristina Solomon Valentina Anuța Iulian Sarbu Emma Adriana Ozon Adina Magdalena Musuc Veronica Bratan Adriana Rusu Vasile-Adrian Surdu Cătălin Croitoru Abhay Chandak Roxana Mariuca Gavriloaia Teodora Dalila Balaci Denisa Teodora Niță Mirela Adriana Mitu Enhancing the Drug Release and Physicochemical Properties of Rivaroxaban via Cyclodextrin Complexation: A Comprehensive Analytical Approach Pharmaceuticals rivaroxaban β-cyclodextrin methyl-β-cyclodextrin hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin solubility enhancement pharmaceutical formulation |
| title | Enhancing the Drug Release and Physicochemical Properties of Rivaroxaban via Cyclodextrin Complexation: A Comprehensive Analytical Approach |
| title_full | Enhancing the Drug Release and Physicochemical Properties of Rivaroxaban via Cyclodextrin Complexation: A Comprehensive Analytical Approach |
| title_fullStr | Enhancing the Drug Release and Physicochemical Properties of Rivaroxaban via Cyclodextrin Complexation: A Comprehensive Analytical Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhancing the Drug Release and Physicochemical Properties of Rivaroxaban via Cyclodextrin Complexation: A Comprehensive Analytical Approach |
| title_short | Enhancing the Drug Release and Physicochemical Properties of Rivaroxaban via Cyclodextrin Complexation: A Comprehensive Analytical Approach |
| title_sort | enhancing the drug release and physicochemical properties of rivaroxaban via cyclodextrin complexation a comprehensive analytical approach |
| topic | rivaroxaban β-cyclodextrin methyl-β-cyclodextrin hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin solubility enhancement pharmaceutical formulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/18/6/761 |
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