Apelin-to-total cholesterol ratio predicts long-term major adverse cardiovascular events in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective cohort analysis
Abstract Background Despite advancements in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) management, residual risks of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) persist. Apelin, a cardioprotective peptide with anti-inflammatory properties, and total cholesterol (TC), a key atherogenic factor,...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2025-07-01
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| Series: | BMC Cardiovascular Disorders |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-025-04949-5 |
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| Summary: | Abstract Background Despite advancements in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) management, residual risks of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) persist. Apelin, a cardioprotective peptide with anti-inflammatory properties, and total cholesterol (TC), a key atherogenic factor, may synergistically influence outcomes. This study evaluated the prognostic value of the Apelin/TC ratio for long-term MACEs in STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods A secondary analysis of 464 STEMI patients from a Chinese cohort was conducted. Patients were stratified by median Apelin/TC ratio (≥ 14 vs. < 14). Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed. Cox regression models assessed associations between the Apelin/TC ratio and MACEs over 30 months. Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) determined predictive performance. Results The cohort’s median Apelin/TC ratio was 14. Patients with a ratio < 14 (n = 225) exhibited higher MACEs incidence (25.43% overall; p < 0.001) versus the high-ratio group (n = 239). Multivariable Cox models confirmed the Apelin/TC ratio as an independent predictor of MACEs (per 1 standard deviation increase: hazard ratios (HR) 0.437, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.305–0.627; categorical: HR 0.479, 95% CI 0.319–0.720, both p < 0.001). Survival curves demonstrated significant divergence (log-rank p < 0.001). ROC analysis revealed moderate predictive capacity (Area Under The Curve 0.64, 95% CI 0.58–0.69). Conclusions A lower Apelin/TC ratio at admission independently predicted long-term MACEs in STEMI patients post-PCI, reflecting interplay between lipid burden and Apelin’s cardioprotective effects. This ratio may enhance risk stratification by capturing dual metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Further validation is warranted to establish its clinical utility in guiding targeted therapies. |
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| ISSN: | 1471-2261 |