Evaluating the Functionality of a Field-Based Test Battery for the Identification of Risk for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: An Exploratory Factor Analysis
(1) Background: A parsimonious test battery is deemed necessary to efficiently assess the functional performance of athletes avoiding redundant measurements. This study investigates the interrelationships between elements of an experimental field-based test battery during pre-season assessment (PA),...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Charis Tsarbou Nikolaos I. Liveris Sofia A. Xergia George Papageorgiou Vasileios Sideris Giannis Giakas Elias Tsepis |
| author_facet | Charis Tsarbou Nikolaos I. Liveris Sofia A. Xergia George Papageorgiou Vasileios Sideris Giannis Giakas Elias Tsepis |
| author_sort | Charis Tsarbou |
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| description | (1) Background: A parsimonious test battery is deemed necessary to efficiently assess the functional performance of athletes avoiding redundant measurements. This study investigates the interrelationships between elements of an experimental field-based test battery during pre-season assessment (PA), with the purpose of enhancing comprehension of the underlying structure of the assessed variables and suggesting guidelines for the tests incorporated in a PA. (2) Methods: Sixty-two professional football athletes performed a PA, including isometric muscle strength, triple hop and core stability tests, the LESS, and evaluation of landing performance through kinetic and electromyographic data. (3) Results: For the dominant lower limb, the factor analysis resulted in six factors, explaining 79.04% of the variance including core stability, ground reaction forces, dynamic balance, hamstrings strength, quadriceps–hamstring EMG ratio, and quadriceps performance. For the non-dominant lower limb, factor analysis resulted in five factors, explaining 76.60% of the variance including core stability, dynamic balance, ground reaction force, quadriceps–hamstring EMG ratio, and quadriceps–abductors strength. The LESS was loaded with various factors. (4) Conclusions: Given the need for efficient field-based assessments that can be repeated throughout the season without sacrificing data quality, we suggest incorporating the LESS, the prone bridge test, and force-plate-based landing performance evaluation as key elements of the PA. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-aefa5f985e93406480d2558edd2a0028 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-aefa5f985e93406480d2558edd2a00282025-01-10T13:14:41ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172024-12-0115116710.3390/app15010167Evaluating the Functionality of a Field-Based Test Battery for the Identification of Risk for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: An Exploratory Factor AnalysisCharis Tsarbou0Nikolaos I. Liveris1Sofia A. Xergia2George Papageorgiou3Vasileios Sideris4Giannis Giakas5Elias Tsepis6Physiotherapy Department, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, GreecePhysiotherapy Department, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, GreecePhysiotherapy Department, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, GreeceSYSTEMA Research Centre, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, CyprusRehabilitation Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha P.O. Box 29222, QatarDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, GreecePhysiotherapy Department, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece(1) Background: A parsimonious test battery is deemed necessary to efficiently assess the functional performance of athletes avoiding redundant measurements. This study investigates the interrelationships between elements of an experimental field-based test battery during pre-season assessment (PA), with the purpose of enhancing comprehension of the underlying structure of the assessed variables and suggesting guidelines for the tests incorporated in a PA. (2) Methods: Sixty-two professional football athletes performed a PA, including isometric muscle strength, triple hop and core stability tests, the LESS, and evaluation of landing performance through kinetic and electromyographic data. (3) Results: For the dominant lower limb, the factor analysis resulted in six factors, explaining 79.04% of the variance including core stability, ground reaction forces, dynamic balance, hamstrings strength, quadriceps–hamstring EMG ratio, and quadriceps performance. For the non-dominant lower limb, factor analysis resulted in five factors, explaining 76.60% of the variance including core stability, dynamic balance, ground reaction force, quadriceps–hamstring EMG ratio, and quadriceps–abductors strength. The LESS was loaded with various factors. (4) Conclusions: Given the need for efficient field-based assessments that can be repeated throughout the season without sacrificing data quality, we suggest incorporating the LESS, the prone bridge test, and force-plate-based landing performance evaluation as key elements of the PA.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/1/167knee injuriesanterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuryrisk screeningsoccersurface electromyographyfactor analysis |
| spellingShingle | Charis Tsarbou Nikolaos I. Liveris Sofia A. Xergia George Papageorgiou Vasileios Sideris Giannis Giakas Elias Tsepis Evaluating the Functionality of a Field-Based Test Battery for the Identification of Risk for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: An Exploratory Factor Analysis Applied Sciences knee injuries anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk screening soccer surface electromyography factor analysis |
| title | Evaluating the Functionality of a Field-Based Test Battery for the Identification of Risk for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: An Exploratory Factor Analysis |
| title_full | Evaluating the Functionality of a Field-Based Test Battery for the Identification of Risk for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: An Exploratory Factor Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Evaluating the Functionality of a Field-Based Test Battery for the Identification of Risk for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: An Exploratory Factor Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluating the Functionality of a Field-Based Test Battery for the Identification of Risk for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: An Exploratory Factor Analysis |
| title_short | Evaluating the Functionality of a Field-Based Test Battery for the Identification of Risk for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: An Exploratory Factor Analysis |
| title_sort | evaluating the functionality of a field based test battery for the identification of risk for anterior cruciate ligament injury an exploratory factor analysis |
| topic | knee injuries anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk screening soccer surface electromyography factor analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/1/167 |
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