Statistical Characteristics of Total Electron Content Intensifications on Global Ionospheric Maps
Abstract Global ionospheric total electron content (TEC) maps exhibit TEC intensifications and depletions of various sizes and shapes. Characterizing key features on TEC maps and understanding their dynamic coupling with external drivers can significantly benefit space weather forecasting. However,...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wiley
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Space Weather |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1029/2023SW003695 |
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| author | X. Meng O. P. Verkhoglyadova S. C. Chapman N. W. Watkins M. Cafolla |
| author_facet | X. Meng O. P. Verkhoglyadova S. C. Chapman N. W. Watkins M. Cafolla |
| author_sort | X. Meng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Global ionospheric total electron content (TEC) maps exhibit TEC intensifications and depletions of various sizes and shapes. Characterizing key features on TEC maps and understanding their dynamic coupling with external drivers can significantly benefit space weather forecasting. However, comprehensive analysis of ionospheric structuring over decades of TEC maps is currently lacking due to large data volume. We develop feature extraction software based on image processing techniques to extract TEC intensification regions, that is, contiguous regions with sufficiently elevated TEC values than surrounding areas, from global TEC maps. Applying the software to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Global Ionospheric Map data, we generate a TEC intensification data set for years 2003–2022 and carry out a statistical study on the number and strength of TEC intensifications. We find that the majority of the TEC maps (about 86%) are characterized with one or two intensification(s), while the rest of the TEC maps have three or more intensifications. Both the number and strength of TEC intensifications exhibit semi‐annual variation that peaks near equinoxes and dips near solstices, as well as an annual asymmetry with larger values around December solstice compared to June solstice. The number and strength of intensifications increase with enhanced solar extreme‐violet irradiance. The strength of intensifications also increases with elevated geomagnetic activity, but the number of intensifications does not. In addition, the number of intensifications is not correlated with the strength of intensifications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-aaf0a9c4348342a0b5510fb8ffddee32 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1542-7390 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Space Weather |
| spelling | doaj-art-aaf0a9c4348342a0b5510fb8ffddee322025-01-14T16:26:56ZengWileySpace Weather1542-73902024-01-01221n/an/a10.1029/2023SW003695Statistical Characteristics of Total Electron Content Intensifications on Global Ionospheric MapsX. Meng0O. P. Verkhoglyadova1S. C. Chapman2N. W. Watkins3M. Cafolla4Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USAJet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USAPhysics Department Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics University of Warwick Coventry UKPhysics Department Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics University of Warwick Coventry UKPhysics Department Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics University of Warwick Coventry UKAbstract Global ionospheric total electron content (TEC) maps exhibit TEC intensifications and depletions of various sizes and shapes. Characterizing key features on TEC maps and understanding their dynamic coupling with external drivers can significantly benefit space weather forecasting. However, comprehensive analysis of ionospheric structuring over decades of TEC maps is currently lacking due to large data volume. We develop feature extraction software based on image processing techniques to extract TEC intensification regions, that is, contiguous regions with sufficiently elevated TEC values than surrounding areas, from global TEC maps. Applying the software to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Global Ionospheric Map data, we generate a TEC intensification data set for years 2003–2022 and carry out a statistical study on the number and strength of TEC intensifications. We find that the majority of the TEC maps (about 86%) are characterized with one or two intensification(s), while the rest of the TEC maps have three or more intensifications. Both the number and strength of TEC intensifications exhibit semi‐annual variation that peaks near equinoxes and dips near solstices, as well as an annual asymmetry with larger values around December solstice compared to June solstice. The number and strength of intensifications increase with enhanced solar extreme‐violet irradiance. The strength of intensifications also increases with elevated geomagnetic activity, but the number of intensifications does not. In addition, the number of intensifications is not correlated with the strength of intensifications.https://doi.org/10.1029/2023SW003695 |
| spellingShingle | X. Meng O. P. Verkhoglyadova S. C. Chapman N. W. Watkins M. Cafolla Statistical Characteristics of Total Electron Content Intensifications on Global Ionospheric Maps Space Weather |
| title | Statistical Characteristics of Total Electron Content Intensifications on Global Ionospheric Maps |
| title_full | Statistical Characteristics of Total Electron Content Intensifications on Global Ionospheric Maps |
| title_fullStr | Statistical Characteristics of Total Electron Content Intensifications on Global Ionospheric Maps |
| title_full_unstemmed | Statistical Characteristics of Total Electron Content Intensifications on Global Ionospheric Maps |
| title_short | Statistical Characteristics of Total Electron Content Intensifications on Global Ionospheric Maps |
| title_sort | statistical characteristics of total electron content intensifications on global ionospheric maps |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1029/2023SW003695 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT xmeng statisticalcharacteristicsoftotalelectroncontentintensificationsonglobalionosphericmaps AT opverkhoglyadova statisticalcharacteristicsoftotalelectroncontentintensificationsonglobalionosphericmaps AT scchapman statisticalcharacteristicsoftotalelectroncontentintensificationsonglobalionosphericmaps AT nwwatkins statisticalcharacteristicsoftotalelectroncontentintensificationsonglobalionosphericmaps AT mcafolla statisticalcharacteristicsoftotalelectroncontentintensificationsonglobalionosphericmaps |