The dual-track paradox in social welfare—a layered governance perspective
Abstract This study investigates the dual-track paradox in China’s welfare governance, where formal state-led programs and informal relational strategies coexist and interact. Using the 2021 Chinese Social Survey data (N = 9260), it examines how formal social security participation and informal gift...
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Springer Nature
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Humanities & Social Sciences Communications |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05601-5 |
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