Rainfall Forecasting Using a BiLSTM Model Optimized by an Improved Whale Migration Algorithm and Variational Mode Decomposition
The highly stochastic nature of rainfall presents significant challenges for the accurate prediction of its time series. To enhance the prediction performance of non-stationary rainfall time series, this study proposes a hybrid deep learning forecasting framework—VMD-IWMA-BiLSTM—that integrates Vari...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Mathematics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/13/15/2483 |
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