Performance evaluation of heat sinks with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate phase change material for electronic cooling
Abstract The study investigates the influence of heat sink designs and phase change material on the passive cooling of integrated circuits, specifically focusing on input power levels ranging from 4 to 12 W. The experimental setup evaluated heat sinks incorporating Calcium Nitrate Tetrahydrate PCM (...
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Nature Portfolio
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03660-x |
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| author | Gandhi Mallela Mohamed Iqbal Shajahan Ali Cemal Benim Mohamed Sharaf Elena Lopez |
| author_facet | Gandhi Mallela Mohamed Iqbal Shajahan Ali Cemal Benim Mohamed Sharaf Elena Lopez |
| author_sort | Gandhi Mallela |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The study investigates the influence of heat sink designs and phase change material on the passive cooling of integrated circuits, specifically focusing on input power levels ranging from 4 to 12 W. The experimental setup evaluated heat sinks incorporating Calcium Nitrate Tetrahydrate PCM (SH PCM), with a particular emphasis on Triangular Fin Heat Sink (TFHS) and No Fin Heat Sink (NFHS). The TFHS design featured a consistent fin volume fraction of 11%, while the performance of these configurations was assessed across various power inputs. Besides that, SH PCM is evaluated through parameters such as enhancement ratio, heat storage ratio, set point temperature, Fourier number, and Stefan number. Results reveal that both TFHS and NFHS with SH PCM effectively regulate temperature at lower power levels, with NFHS showing a controlled temperature rise of 56.7% at 4 W. However, as power increases, PCM efficiency declines, with NFHS reaching an 89% temperature rise at 12 W, while TFHS experiences a 92.3% increase. Despite this, TFHS consistently maintains lower peak temperatures than NFHS, improving performance by 4.3% at 4 W and 6.7% at 12 W, due to its superior heat dissipation. While TFHS performs well in heat absorption under moderate conditions, it has a 41% performance gap at maximum heat flux compared to NFHS. Additionally, NFHS requires 15–30% longer charging times but releases heat 10–25% faster during discharging. Overall, TFHS combined with SH PCM proves to be the most effective configuration for passive cooling, making it highly suitable for portable electronic devices. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9da141a92c0d4b45b615c724054552a2 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
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| spelling | doaj-art-9da141a92c0d4b45b615c724054552a22025-08-24T11:27:24ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115112610.1038/s41598-025-03660-xPerformance evaluation of heat sinks with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate phase change material for electronic coolingGandhi Mallela0Mohamed Iqbal Shajahan1Ali Cemal Benim2Mohamed Sharaf3Elena Lopez4Centre for Energy Harvesting and Fluid Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and TechnologyCentre for Energy Harvesting and Fluid Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and TechnologyCenter of Flow Simulation (CFS), Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Duesseldorf University of Applied SciencesDepartment of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud UniversityFraunhofer Institute for Material and Beam TechnologyAbstract The study investigates the influence of heat sink designs and phase change material on the passive cooling of integrated circuits, specifically focusing on input power levels ranging from 4 to 12 W. The experimental setup evaluated heat sinks incorporating Calcium Nitrate Tetrahydrate PCM (SH PCM), with a particular emphasis on Triangular Fin Heat Sink (TFHS) and No Fin Heat Sink (NFHS). The TFHS design featured a consistent fin volume fraction of 11%, while the performance of these configurations was assessed across various power inputs. Besides that, SH PCM is evaluated through parameters such as enhancement ratio, heat storage ratio, set point temperature, Fourier number, and Stefan number. Results reveal that both TFHS and NFHS with SH PCM effectively regulate temperature at lower power levels, with NFHS showing a controlled temperature rise of 56.7% at 4 W. However, as power increases, PCM efficiency declines, with NFHS reaching an 89% temperature rise at 12 W, while TFHS experiences a 92.3% increase. Despite this, TFHS consistently maintains lower peak temperatures than NFHS, improving performance by 4.3% at 4 W and 6.7% at 12 W, due to its superior heat dissipation. While TFHS performs well in heat absorption under moderate conditions, it has a 41% performance gap at maximum heat flux compared to NFHS. Additionally, NFHS requires 15–30% longer charging times but releases heat 10–25% faster during discharging. Overall, TFHS combined with SH PCM proves to be the most effective configuration for passive cooling, making it highly suitable for portable electronic devices.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03660-xHeat sinksElectronic coolingPhase change materialSHThermal management |
| spellingShingle | Gandhi Mallela Mohamed Iqbal Shajahan Ali Cemal Benim Mohamed Sharaf Elena Lopez Performance evaluation of heat sinks with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate phase change material for electronic cooling Scientific Reports Heat sinks Electronic cooling Phase change material SH Thermal management |
| title | Performance evaluation of heat sinks with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate phase change material for electronic cooling |
| title_full | Performance evaluation of heat sinks with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate phase change material for electronic cooling |
| title_fullStr | Performance evaluation of heat sinks with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate phase change material for electronic cooling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Performance evaluation of heat sinks with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate phase change material for electronic cooling |
| title_short | Performance evaluation of heat sinks with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate phase change material for electronic cooling |
| title_sort | performance evaluation of heat sinks with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate phase change material for electronic cooling |
| topic | Heat sinks Electronic cooling Phase change material SH Thermal management |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03660-x |
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