Ground Heat Exchangers from Artificial Ground-Freezing Probes for Tunnel Excavations

Ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs), despite their high efficiencies, are still not as cost-effective as air-source heat pumps, especially in urban environments, due to the necessity of drilling/excavation. Integrating GSHPs into existing geo-structures, such as underground tunnels, can play a vital ro...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Fawad Ahmed, Nicola Massarotti, Alessandro Mauro, Gennaro Normino
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Energies
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/11/2965
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