Unequal Energy Footprints: Trade-Driven Asymmetries in Consumption-Based Carbon Emissions of the U.S. and China

This study examines the symmetric and asymmetric impacts of international trade on consumption-based carbon emissions (CBEs) in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the United States of America (USA) from 1990 to 2018. The analysis uses autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and non-linear ARDL (...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Muhammad Yousaf Malik, Hassan Daud Butt
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Energies
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/13/3238
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