Emerging roles of non-coding RNA derived from extracellular vesicles in regulating PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: insights into cancer immunotherapy and clinical applications
Abstract Numerous studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry a variety of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which can be taken up by neighboring cells or transported to distant sites via bodily fluids, thereby facilitating intercellular communication and regulating multiple cellular fu...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Cancer Cell International |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-025-03809-8 |
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| _version_ | 1850140500914339840 |
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| author | Haixia Zhang Lianfeng Gong Li Yu Chenge Xian Zhaowu Ma Xianwang Wang Ruohan Xia |
| author_facet | Haixia Zhang Lianfeng Gong Li Yu Chenge Xian Zhaowu Ma Xianwang Wang Ruohan Xia |
| author_sort | Haixia Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Numerous studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry a variety of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which can be taken up by neighboring cells or transported to distant sites via bodily fluids, thereby facilitating intercellular communication and regulating multiple cellular functions. Within the tumor microenvironment, EV-ncRNA, on the one hand, regulate the expression of PD-L1, thereby influencing tumor immune evasion, promoting tumor cell proliferation, and enhancing tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis in vivo. On the other hand, these specific EV-ncRNAs can also modulate the functions of immune cells (such as CD8 + T cells, macrophages, and NK cells) through various molecular mechanisms, inducing an immunosuppressive microenvironment and promoting resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy. Therefore, delving into the molecular mechanisms underlying EV-ncRNA regulation of immune checkpoints presents compelling therapeutic prospects for strategies that selectively target EV-ncRNAs. In this review, we elaborate on the cutting-edge research progress related to EV-ncRNAs in the context of cancer and dissect their pivotal roles in the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway. We also highlight the promising clinical applications of EV-ncRNAs in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, bridging basic research with practical clinical applications. Graphical Abstract |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-96c4a05bb7a045a497b4eab56d9a2a20 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1475-2867 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cancer Cell International |
| spelling | doaj-art-96c4a05bb7a045a497b4eab56d9a2a202025-08-20T02:29:46ZengBMCCancer Cell International1475-28672025-05-0125112110.1186/s12935-025-03809-8Emerging roles of non-coding RNA derived from extracellular vesicles in regulating PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: insights into cancer immunotherapy and clinical applicationsHaixia Zhang0Lianfeng Gong1Li Yu2Chenge Xian3Zhaowu Ma4Xianwang Wang5Ruohan Xia6Health Science Center, Yangtze UniversityHealth Science Center, Yangtze UniversityHealth Science Center, Yangtze UniversityNaidong District People’s HospitalHealth Science Center, Yangtze UniversityHealth Science Center, Yangtze UniversityHealth Science Center, Yangtze UniversityAbstract Numerous studies have demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry a variety of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), which can be taken up by neighboring cells or transported to distant sites via bodily fluids, thereby facilitating intercellular communication and regulating multiple cellular functions. Within the tumor microenvironment, EV-ncRNA, on the one hand, regulate the expression of PD-L1, thereby influencing tumor immune evasion, promoting tumor cell proliferation, and enhancing tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis in vivo. On the other hand, these specific EV-ncRNAs can also modulate the functions of immune cells (such as CD8 + T cells, macrophages, and NK cells) through various molecular mechanisms, inducing an immunosuppressive microenvironment and promoting resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy. Therefore, delving into the molecular mechanisms underlying EV-ncRNA regulation of immune checkpoints presents compelling therapeutic prospects for strategies that selectively target EV-ncRNAs. In this review, we elaborate on the cutting-edge research progress related to EV-ncRNAs in the context of cancer and dissect their pivotal roles in the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway. We also highlight the promising clinical applications of EV-ncRNAs in anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, bridging basic research with practical clinical applications. Graphical Abstracthttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-025-03809-8 |
| spellingShingle | Haixia Zhang Lianfeng Gong Li Yu Chenge Xian Zhaowu Ma Xianwang Wang Ruohan Xia Emerging roles of non-coding RNA derived from extracellular vesicles in regulating PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: insights into cancer immunotherapy and clinical applications Cancer Cell International |
| title | Emerging roles of non-coding RNA derived from extracellular vesicles in regulating PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: insights into cancer immunotherapy and clinical applications |
| title_full | Emerging roles of non-coding RNA derived from extracellular vesicles in regulating PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: insights into cancer immunotherapy and clinical applications |
| title_fullStr | Emerging roles of non-coding RNA derived from extracellular vesicles in regulating PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: insights into cancer immunotherapy and clinical applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Emerging roles of non-coding RNA derived from extracellular vesicles in regulating PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: insights into cancer immunotherapy and clinical applications |
| title_short | Emerging roles of non-coding RNA derived from extracellular vesicles in regulating PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: insights into cancer immunotherapy and clinical applications |
| title_sort | emerging roles of non coding rna derived from extracellular vesicles in regulating pd 1 pd l1 pathway insights into cancer immunotherapy and clinical applications |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-025-03809-8 |
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