Harnessing the potential of bitter gourd seeds for food and nutrition- A comprehensive review
Approximately 5 % of all seeds at a seed company are discarded because of their underutilization. Bitter gourd contains a large number of seeds that are discarded, which are difficult to treat and cause severe environmental pollution. However, these seeds are a rich source of bioactive metabolites (...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Applied Food Research |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772502224001185 |
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| author | Mueen Abbas Muhammad Asim Shabbir Syed Muhammad Abrar Ul Haq Hafiz Abdul Wahab Syed Ali Hassan Farah Adeeba Asad Ali Muhammad Asif Abdul Nasir Amin Mousavi Khaneghah Rana Muhammad Aadil |
| author_facet | Mueen Abbas Muhammad Asim Shabbir Syed Muhammad Abrar Ul Haq Hafiz Abdul Wahab Syed Ali Hassan Farah Adeeba Asad Ali Muhammad Asif Abdul Nasir Amin Mousavi Khaneghah Rana Muhammad Aadil |
| author_sort | Mueen Abbas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Approximately 5 % of all seeds at a seed company are discarded because of their underutilization. Bitter gourd contains a large number of seeds that are discarded, which are difficult to treat and cause severe environmental pollution. However, these seeds are a rich source of bioactive metabolites (such as glycosides, saponin, alkaloids, triterpenes, steroids, dietary fibers, essential oils, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) with antioxidant, antimicrobial properties, and health-promoting effects. So, it is important to find ways to treat this waste and use it in various food products and health-promoting effects to benefit humans and prevent environmental pollution as per Goal 12 (responsible consumption and production) of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations. This review discussed the extraction of different functional compounds by using traditional and modern extraction techniques, nutraceutical and food applications, as well as the toxicological effects of the bitter gourd seeds, aiming to give a new research direction to the researchers of concerned fields to find more potential applications of this natural waste. Both in vivo and in vitro study results showed that bitter gourd seeds in powder, extract, and oils can be used as antioxidant and antitumor agents and showed antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Bitter gourd seeds also have healthy and technological compounds that could be used in food industries to improve food products' quality, stability, and nutritional characteristics. Bitter gourd seeds can also be used to purify drinking water. Further studies are needed to find more applications of this natural by-product in developing functional and nutritious foods. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-937e2885370d475fa1a0f27fa074ec71 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2772-5022 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Food Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-937e2885370d475fa1a0f27fa074ec712025-08-20T02:36:58ZengElsevierApplied Food Research2772-50222024-12-014210050810.1016/j.afres.2024.100508Harnessing the potential of bitter gourd seeds for food and nutrition- A comprehensive reviewMueen Abbas0Muhammad Asim Shabbir1Syed Muhammad Abrar Ul Haq2Hafiz Abdul Wahab3Syed Ali Hassan4Farah Adeeba5Asad Ali6Muhammad Asif7Abdul Nasir8Amin Mousavi Khaneghah9Rana Muhammad Aadil10National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanNational Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Corresponding authors.National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanNational Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanNational Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanNational Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Public Health, Kabul University of Medical Sciences Abu Ali Ibn Sina, Kabul, 1001, Afghanistan; Corresponding authors.Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University 191002, 9 Lomonosova Street, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, IranNational Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Corresponding authors.Approximately 5 % of all seeds at a seed company are discarded because of their underutilization. Bitter gourd contains a large number of seeds that are discarded, which are difficult to treat and cause severe environmental pollution. However, these seeds are a rich source of bioactive metabolites (such as glycosides, saponin, alkaloids, triterpenes, steroids, dietary fibers, essential oils, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) with antioxidant, antimicrobial properties, and health-promoting effects. So, it is important to find ways to treat this waste and use it in various food products and health-promoting effects to benefit humans and prevent environmental pollution as per Goal 12 (responsible consumption and production) of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations. This review discussed the extraction of different functional compounds by using traditional and modern extraction techniques, nutraceutical and food applications, as well as the toxicological effects of the bitter gourd seeds, aiming to give a new research direction to the researchers of concerned fields to find more potential applications of this natural waste. Both in vivo and in vitro study results showed that bitter gourd seeds in powder, extract, and oils can be used as antioxidant and antitumor agents and showed antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Bitter gourd seeds also have healthy and technological compounds that could be used in food industries to improve food products' quality, stability, and nutritional characteristics. Bitter gourd seeds can also be used to purify drinking water. Further studies are needed to find more applications of this natural by-product in developing functional and nutritious foods.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772502224001185Functional nutrientsBioactive compoundsAntioxidantsFood byproductsVegetable seedsSustainability |
| spellingShingle | Mueen Abbas Muhammad Asim Shabbir Syed Muhammad Abrar Ul Haq Hafiz Abdul Wahab Syed Ali Hassan Farah Adeeba Asad Ali Muhammad Asif Abdul Nasir Amin Mousavi Khaneghah Rana Muhammad Aadil Harnessing the potential of bitter gourd seeds for food and nutrition- A comprehensive review Applied Food Research Functional nutrients Bioactive compounds Antioxidants Food byproducts Vegetable seeds Sustainability |
| title | Harnessing the potential of bitter gourd seeds for food and nutrition- A comprehensive review |
| title_full | Harnessing the potential of bitter gourd seeds for food and nutrition- A comprehensive review |
| title_fullStr | Harnessing the potential of bitter gourd seeds for food and nutrition- A comprehensive review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Harnessing the potential of bitter gourd seeds for food and nutrition- A comprehensive review |
| title_short | Harnessing the potential of bitter gourd seeds for food and nutrition- A comprehensive review |
| title_sort | harnessing the potential of bitter gourd seeds for food and nutrition a comprehensive review |
| topic | Functional nutrients Bioactive compounds Antioxidants Food byproducts Vegetable seeds Sustainability |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772502224001185 |
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