Stem cell-derived exosomes in complicated urinary tract infections: immunomodulatory mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies for urothelial repair
Abstract Complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI), characterized by recurrent episodes due to multidrug-resistant bacterial infections and biofilm formation, severely compromises patients’ quality of life. Although uropathogenic Escherichia coli remains the primary pathogen, its ability to form bi...
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
BMC
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Stem Cell Research & Therapy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-025-04548-3 |
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