Stem cell-derived exosomes in complicated urinary tract infections: immunomodulatory mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies for urothelial repair

Abstract Complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI), characterized by recurrent episodes due to multidrug-resistant bacterial infections and biofilm formation, severely compromises patients’ quality of life. Although uropathogenic Escherichia coli remains the primary pathogen, its ability to form bi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Wenjing Wang, Yong He, Henghui Zhang, Yan Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-08-01
Series:Stem Cell Research & Therapy
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-025-04548-3
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