Global Environmental Geochemistry and Molecular Speciation of Heavy Metals in Soils and Groundwater from Abandoned Smelting Sites: Analysis of the Contamination Dynamics and Remediation Alternatives in Karst Settings

Global Environmental Geochemistry and Molecular Speciation of Heavy Metals in Soils and Groundwater from Abandoned Smelting Sites: Analysis of the Contamination Dynamics and Remediation Alternatives in Karst Settings

Abandoned smelting sites in karst terrain pose a serious environmental problem due to the complex relationship between specific hydrogeological elements and heavy metal contamination. This review combines work from across the globe to consider how karst-specific features (i.e., rapid underground dra...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Hang Xu, Qiao Han, Muhammad Adnan, Mengfei Li, Mingshi Wang, Mingya Wang, Fengcheng Jiang, Xixi Feng
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Toxics
Subjects:
molecular speciation
heavy metals
groundwater contamination
soil–groundwater interaction
environmental risk
remediation strategies
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/7/608
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