Projection of ENSO using observation-informed deep learning

Abstract The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) profoundly impacts global climate, but its sea surface temperature (SST) variability projected by climate models remains uncertain, with a substantial inter-model spread in 21st-century projections. Model-observation discrepancies in ENSO physics cont...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Yuchao Zhu, Rong-Hua Zhang, Fan Wang, Wenju Cai, Delei Li, Shoude Guan, Yuanlong Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63157-z
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