Assessment mode and inconsistent responding on a mixed-worded scale: evidence from TIMSS 2019 across grades and countries

Understanding factors that affect inconsistent responding in mixed-worded scales is crucial for ensuring the validity of survey score outcomes. This study investigated whether the assessment mode, defined as participating either in a digital or a paper-based achievement test, was associated with the...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Evi Konstantinidou, Michalis P. Michaelides
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-06-01
Series:Frontiers in Education
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2025.1595648/full
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