Evaluation of Echocardiographic, Conventional Electrocardiographic, and Holter Variables in Jaguars (<i>Panthera Onca</i>) Anesthetized with Medetomidine and Ketamine: Implications for Management and Conservation
Jaguars play a crucial role in population control across multiple biomes. They are endangered and protected by in situ and ex situ conservation mechanisms to ensure their conservation. Cardiovascular diseases in wild mammals, including jaguars, often have unclear etiopathogenies, underscoring the ne...
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2025-02-01
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| Series: | Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens |
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| author | Murillo Daparé Kirnew Matheus Folgearini Silveira Roberto Andres Navarrete Ampuero Ana Paula Rodrigues Simões Felippe Azzolini Gediendson Ribeiro de Araújo Pedro Nacib Jorge-Neto Sofia Regina Polizelle Juliane Patrícia Sipp Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto Thyara Deco-Souza Aparecido Antonio Camacho |
| author_facet | Murillo Daparé Kirnew Matheus Folgearini Silveira Roberto Andres Navarrete Ampuero Ana Paula Rodrigues Simões Felippe Azzolini Gediendson Ribeiro de Araújo Pedro Nacib Jorge-Neto Sofia Regina Polizelle Juliane Patrícia Sipp Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto Thyara Deco-Souza Aparecido Antonio Camacho |
| author_sort | Murillo Daparé Kirnew |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Jaguars play a crucial role in population control across multiple biomes. They are endangered and protected by in situ and ex situ conservation mechanisms to ensure their conservation. Cardiovascular diseases in wild mammals, including jaguars, often have unclear etiopathogenies, underscoring the need for research into novel hemodynamic parameters. This study evaluates the cardiovascular health of fifteen clinically healthy jaguars using conventional and Holter electrocardiography, non-invasive systemic blood pressure measurement, and echocardiography. Chemical restraint was achieved with medetomidine (0.08–0.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg), with anesthesia reversed using atipamezole (0.25 mg/kg). The average heart rate was 72 ± 18 bpm, with sinus rhythm in ten animals and sinus arrhythmia in five. Six animals exhibited first and second-degree atrioventricular blocks, one had supraventricular complexes, and another had premature ventricular complexes. Non-invasive systolic blood pressure remained stable at 163 ± 29 mmHg during anesthesia. Echocardiographic examination revealed mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary, and aortic valve insufficiencies via color Doppler. The transmitral flow showed a normal E/A ratio and E` < A`, suggesting a pseudonormal ventricular filling pattern. No significant anesthetic complications were observed, affirming the protocol’s safety. This study provides valuable data, validating the anesthetic protocol and establishing reference cardiovascular values for jaguars, thus paving the way for future research in other veterinary species. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-88a8a63735d7405192b43b3ff8bc0150 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2673-5636 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens |
| spelling | doaj-art-88a8a63735d7405192b43b3ff8bc01502025-08-20T02:11:26ZengMDPI AGJournal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens2673-56362025-02-01611310.3390/jzbg6010013Evaluation of Echocardiographic, Conventional Electrocardiographic, and Holter Variables in Jaguars (<i>Panthera Onca</i>) Anesthetized with Medetomidine and Ketamine: Implications for Management and ConservationMurillo Daparé Kirnew0Matheus Folgearini Silveira1Roberto Andres Navarrete Ampuero2Ana Paula Rodrigues Simões3Felippe Azzolini4Gediendson Ribeiro de Araújo5Pedro Nacib Jorge-Neto6Sofia Regina Polizelle7Juliane Patrícia Sipp8Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto9Thyara Deco-Souza10Aparecido Antonio Camacho11School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Science, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14.884-900, SP, BrazilSchool of Agricultural and Veterinarian Science, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14.884-900, SP, BrazilSchool of Agricultural and Veterinarian Science, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14.884-900, SP, BrazilSchool of Agricultural and Veterinarian Science, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14.884-900, SP, BrazilReprocon Institute, Campo Grande 79052-280, MS, BrazilReprocon Institute, Campo Grande 79052-280, MS, BrazilReprocon Institute, Campo Grande 79052-280, MS, BrazilReprocon Institute, Campo Grande 79052-280, MS, BrazilUnivel University Center, Cascavel 85806-080, PR, BrazilReprocon Institute, Campo Grande 79052-280, MS, BrazilReprocon Institute, Campo Grande 79052-280, MS, BrazilSchool of Agricultural and Veterinarian Science, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14.884-900, SP, BrazilJaguars play a crucial role in population control across multiple biomes. They are endangered and protected by in situ and ex situ conservation mechanisms to ensure their conservation. Cardiovascular diseases in wild mammals, including jaguars, often have unclear etiopathogenies, underscoring the need for research into novel hemodynamic parameters. This study evaluates the cardiovascular health of fifteen clinically healthy jaguars using conventional and Holter electrocardiography, non-invasive systemic blood pressure measurement, and echocardiography. Chemical restraint was achieved with medetomidine (0.08–0.1 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg), with anesthesia reversed using atipamezole (0.25 mg/kg). The average heart rate was 72 ± 18 bpm, with sinus rhythm in ten animals and sinus arrhythmia in five. Six animals exhibited first and second-degree atrioventricular blocks, one had supraventricular complexes, and another had premature ventricular complexes. Non-invasive systolic blood pressure remained stable at 163 ± 29 mmHg during anesthesia. Echocardiographic examination revealed mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary, and aortic valve insufficiencies via color Doppler. The transmitral flow showed a normal E/A ratio and E` < A`, suggesting a pseudonormal ventricular filling pattern. No significant anesthetic complications were observed, affirming the protocol’s safety. This study provides valuable data, validating the anesthetic protocol and establishing reference cardiovascular values for jaguars, thus paving the way for future research in other veterinary species.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/6/1/13cardiovascular healthanesthetic protocolhemodynamic assessmentwildlife conservationfelid cardiologyone conservation |
| spellingShingle | Murillo Daparé Kirnew Matheus Folgearini Silveira Roberto Andres Navarrete Ampuero Ana Paula Rodrigues Simões Felippe Azzolini Gediendson Ribeiro de Araújo Pedro Nacib Jorge-Neto Sofia Regina Polizelle Juliane Patrícia Sipp Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto Thyara Deco-Souza Aparecido Antonio Camacho Evaluation of Echocardiographic, Conventional Electrocardiographic, and Holter Variables in Jaguars (<i>Panthera Onca</i>) Anesthetized with Medetomidine and Ketamine: Implications for Management and Conservation Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens cardiovascular health anesthetic protocol hemodynamic assessment wildlife conservation felid cardiology one conservation |
| title | Evaluation of Echocardiographic, Conventional Electrocardiographic, and Holter Variables in Jaguars (<i>Panthera Onca</i>) Anesthetized with Medetomidine and Ketamine: Implications for Management and Conservation |
| title_full | Evaluation of Echocardiographic, Conventional Electrocardiographic, and Holter Variables in Jaguars (<i>Panthera Onca</i>) Anesthetized with Medetomidine and Ketamine: Implications for Management and Conservation |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Echocardiographic, Conventional Electrocardiographic, and Holter Variables in Jaguars (<i>Panthera Onca</i>) Anesthetized with Medetomidine and Ketamine: Implications for Management and Conservation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Echocardiographic, Conventional Electrocardiographic, and Holter Variables in Jaguars (<i>Panthera Onca</i>) Anesthetized with Medetomidine and Ketamine: Implications for Management and Conservation |
| title_short | Evaluation of Echocardiographic, Conventional Electrocardiographic, and Holter Variables in Jaguars (<i>Panthera Onca</i>) Anesthetized with Medetomidine and Ketamine: Implications for Management and Conservation |
| title_sort | evaluation of echocardiographic conventional electrocardiographic and holter variables in jaguars i panthera onca i anesthetized with medetomidine and ketamine implications for management and conservation |
| topic | cardiovascular health anesthetic protocol hemodynamic assessment wildlife conservation felid cardiology one conservation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5636/6/1/13 |
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