Analytical Basal-State Model of the Glucose, Insulin, and C-Peptide Systems for Type 2 Diabetes

We present a mechanistic mathematical model of the basal state for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in an analytical form and illustrate its use for in silico basal-state and dynamic studies. At the core of the basal-state model is a quartic equation that expresses the basal plasma glucose concentrat...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Ched C. Chichester, Munekazu Yamakuchi, Kazunori Takenouchi, Teruto Hashiguchi, Drew N. Maywar
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Bioengineering
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/12/5/553
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Summary:We present a mechanistic mathematical model of the basal state for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in an analytical form and illustrate its use for in silico basal-state and dynamic studies. At the core of the basal-state model is a quartic equation that expresses the basal plasma glucose concentration solely in terms of model parameters. This analytical model avoids a computationally intensive numerical solver and is illustrated by an investigation of how glucose-utilization parameters impact basal glucose, insulin, insulin-dependent utilization, and hepatic extraction, leveraging median parameter values of early-stage T2DM. Furthermore, the presented basal-state model ensures accurate execution of the corresponding dynamic model, which contains basal quantities within its derivative functions; erroneous, unintended dynamics in plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide are illustrated using an incorrect basal glucose value. The presented basal model enables efficient and accurate basal-state and dynamic studies, facilitating the understanding of T2DM pathophysiology and the development of T2DM diagnosis, treatment, and management strategies.
ISSN:2306-5354