Deterministic and fractional-order modeling of measles dynamics with harmonic mean incidence rate and quarantine impact

Abstract A novel mathematical model which explores the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases integrating nonlinear incidence and quarantine measures is presented in this study. Five different compartments: susceptible, latent, infectious, quarantined and recovered individuals presents total p...

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Main Authors: Rehan Khan, Ioan-Lucian Popa, Emad A. A. Ismail, Fuad A. Awwad, Umar Ishtiaq
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15253-9
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author Rehan Khan
Ioan-Lucian Popa
Emad A. A. Ismail
Fuad A. Awwad
Umar Ishtiaq
author_facet Rehan Khan
Ioan-Lucian Popa
Emad A. A. Ismail
Fuad A. Awwad
Umar Ishtiaq
author_sort Rehan Khan
collection DOAJ
description Abstract A novel mathematical model which explores the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases integrating nonlinear incidence and quarantine measures is presented in this study. Five different compartments: susceptible, latent, infectious, quarantined and recovered individuals presents total population. Saturation effects in disease transmission are modeled through a nonlinear infection rate while quarantine and recovery processes are explicitly incorporated. Parameters are estimated using a genetic algorithm based on cumulative monthly case data for measles in Indonesia. The basic reproduction number is derived to assess the potential for outbreak persistence. Stability analysis of the equilibrium states is conducted, and sensitivity analysis identifies key parameters influencing disease spread. Furthermore, the model is extended using Atangana–Baleanu Caputo (ABC) fractional derivative to explore memory-dependent effects in disease dynamics. Numerical simulations illustrate how fractional-order values impact infection trajectories. The findings emphasize the importance of timely isolation and recovery in controlling outbreaks and suggest that fractional-order modeling can enhance understanding of long-term epidemic behavior.
format Article
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institution Kabale University
issn 2045-2322
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publishDate 2025-08-01
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spelling doaj-art-805fa34eb4db48b4822e4e9230c894322025-08-24T11:17:37ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115111410.1038/s41598-025-15253-9Deterministic and fractional-order modeling of measles dynamics with harmonic mean incidence rate and quarantine impactRehan Khan0Ioan-Lucian Popa1Emad A. A. Ismail2Fuad A. Awwad3Umar Ishtiaq4Department of Mathematics, University of PeshawarDepartment of Computing, Mathematics and Electronics, 1 Decembrie 1918, University of Alba IuliaDepartment of Quantitative Analysis, College of Business Administration, King Saud UniversityDepartment of Quantitative Analysis, College of Business Administration, King Saud UniversityOffice of Research, Innovation and Commercialization, University of Management and TechnologyAbstract A novel mathematical model which explores the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases integrating nonlinear incidence and quarantine measures is presented in this study. Five different compartments: susceptible, latent, infectious, quarantined and recovered individuals presents total population. Saturation effects in disease transmission are modeled through a nonlinear infection rate while quarantine and recovery processes are explicitly incorporated. Parameters are estimated using a genetic algorithm based on cumulative monthly case data for measles in Indonesia. The basic reproduction number is derived to assess the potential for outbreak persistence. Stability analysis of the equilibrium states is conducted, and sensitivity analysis identifies key parameters influencing disease spread. Furthermore, the model is extended using Atangana–Baleanu Caputo (ABC) fractional derivative to explore memory-dependent effects in disease dynamics. Numerical simulations illustrate how fractional-order values impact infection trajectories. The findings emphasize the importance of timely isolation and recovery in controlling outbreaks and suggest that fractional-order modeling can enhance understanding of long-term epidemic behavior.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15253-9
spellingShingle Rehan Khan
Ioan-Lucian Popa
Emad A. A. Ismail
Fuad A. Awwad
Umar Ishtiaq
Deterministic and fractional-order modeling of measles dynamics with harmonic mean incidence rate and quarantine impact
Scientific Reports
title Deterministic and fractional-order modeling of measles dynamics with harmonic mean incidence rate and quarantine impact
title_full Deterministic and fractional-order modeling of measles dynamics with harmonic mean incidence rate and quarantine impact
title_fullStr Deterministic and fractional-order modeling of measles dynamics with harmonic mean incidence rate and quarantine impact
title_full_unstemmed Deterministic and fractional-order modeling of measles dynamics with harmonic mean incidence rate and quarantine impact
title_short Deterministic and fractional-order modeling of measles dynamics with harmonic mean incidence rate and quarantine impact
title_sort deterministic and fractional order modeling of measles dynamics with harmonic mean incidence rate and quarantine impact
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-15253-9
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