Computational Immunogenetic Analysis of Botulinum Toxin A Immunogenicity and HLA Gene Haplotypes: New Insights

Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is widely used in both therapeutic and aesthetic settings; however, the formation of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) remains a critical concern, leading to treatment failure. Immunogenic responses are known to vary between individuals due to HLA polymorphisms. Although some...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Eqram Rahman, Parinitha Rao, Munim Ahmed, William Richard Webb, Jean D. A. Carruthers
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Toxins
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/4/182
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